Effects of Non-Focused ELF-EMF Treatment on EEG: Preliminary Study

Abstract

Introduction

The central nervous system (CNS) is known to be sensitive to focused magnetic stimulation, which is now used routinely for the treatment of various disorders. Extremely Low Frequency Electro Magnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) have been used in various clinical settings and tests however, to date, little is known regarding their functional mechanisms in vivo and, in particular, as a total-body non-focused administration. The CNS acts as the first interactive organ, capable of modulating the effects of ELF-EMF treatment on living systems. This study analysed the effects of 5 different electromagnetic frequency-ranges on the CNS, by studying the endogenous response to exposure. Spectrometry was used to measure the strength of different cerebral wavebands in various brain topographies, together with a component of Z-ratio, as a comparative reference system.

Materials and methods

21 healthy subjects between 20 and 30 years of age were recruited and assessed on two different sessions, one sham day and one treatment day. The subjects were assessed during administration of 5 different ELF-EMF set-ups, using a SEQEX^® device, all exposed to the same intensity of 20 μT (microtesla), with a protocol duration of 3 minutes, each using a Swipe method, with a progressive increase of 0.1 Hz. The setup range was devised as follows:

• 1-3 Hz (δ)

• 4-8 Hz (θ)

• 9-13 Hz (α)

• 15-29 Hz (β)

• 31-56 Hz (γ)

A 14 channel EEG device was used to measure the cortical responses of the 21 subjects during stimulation.

Results

The response to the different electromagnetic stimulation set-ups varied, with activation of different brain derivations observed in EEG. In general, response was greater under stimulation within the δ range at 1-3 Hz, with a widespread increase in the band strength β (p < 0.05) and a ubiquitous decrease in the Z-Ratio (p < 0.05). Responses were minimal under stimulation in the γ range at 31-56 Hz, with a limited reaction in terms of activated areas and band strength, in any case coherent with the γ range, particularly in the right hemisphere (p < 0.01). Contrary to expectations, no significant increase was observed in the α band.

Conclusions

The electrical activity of the CNS exhibits frequency dependent sensitivity to treatment with ELF-EMF. This observation, if confirmed in further studies and relevant for two main reasons: Firstly, it offers insight for an improved understanding of the mechanisms of action of ELF-EMF on complex biological systems from the perspective of preventing disorders caused by electromagnetic pollution. Secondly it creates several implications for possible integration into existing neurological and psychiatric therapeutic approaches [1].

Introduction

We dispose today of an ever-increasing evidence of biological interactions with electromagnetic fields and living organisms. Regarding neurological/psychiatric scopes, excellent results have been achieved using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) [2-5]. However, much remains unknown regarding the effects of low frequency, extremely low intensity electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on the cerebral activity of subjects under non-focused, total-body treatment. This exposure simulates the lowest levels of natural environmental exposure of the human body to commonly occurring EMF. The evidence, to date, indicates that local ELF-EMF stimulation modifies cerebral electrical activity, with a significant increase in the alpha waves range, in the frontal regions [5]. Local cranial stimulation with electromagnetic fields in a frequency range of 1-60 Hz and an intensity scale of 20-100 µT, demonstrated the sensitivity of the central nervous system (CNS), expressed as modified cerebral electrical behaviour [6-9].

The authors decided to observe the effects of non-focused, total body treatment with ELF-EMF on the CNS, in order to clarify:

• Potential environmental exposure to spurious electromagnetic frequencies.

• Potential treatments that might assist diverse medical disciplines.

• Mechanisms of action that lead to measurable behavioural [10] and physiological variations, monitored by Heart Rate Variability (HRV) [11].

It was thus decided to analyse cerebral electrical activity by EEG, as in previous studies listed in the bibliography [6-9]. The aim of the present study was to achieve a qualitative and quantitative understanding regarding non-focused stimulation, identical to the one used to test responses of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) [11], as a specific encephalic electrical reaction.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted at the Azienda Pubblica di Servizi alla Persona (APSP) [Public Agency for Personal Health Services] "Santa Maria" retirement home, located in Cles (Trentino, Italy).

For the study, the authors recruited 21 volunteers, healthy subjects between the age of 20 and 30 years: 15 women and 6 men. The subjects were assessed on two different days:

• On one day (sham day) the EEG of the subjects was recorded at rest, with eyes closed, lying on a physiotherapy couch, with a device for generating ELF-EMF switched on but not emitting a field.

• On the other day the EEG of the subjects was recorded at rest, with eyes closed, lying on a physiotherapy couch, with a device for generating ELF-EMF operating and emitting an electromagnetic field.

Throughout the data collection phase, none of the subjects were informed of the nature and aim of the study: The only information provided regarded the type of ELF-EMF therapy to be given (method of administration of treatment, duration) and that EEG measurements that would be taken. None of the volunteers on either of the days were informed whether or not there was an actual administration of ELF-EMF. All the measurements were taken between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m.

A SEQEX^® device was used for the study, produced and distributed by the Italian company S.I.S.T.E.M.I. Srl. (Trento, Italy), certified CSQ ISO-13485. These devices produce complex electromagnetic fields, using an analogue mechanism in a range of frequencies from 1 to 80 Hz, and variable intensities from 1 to 20 µT. The field parameters were tested by the manufacturing company using specialized equipment: A GM08 Gaussmeter produced by the Hirst company. The electromagnetic field produced by the device control unit (on which the parameters of the electromagnetic field are set), is emitted from a mat containing a Helmholtz coil that generates the ELF-EMF. Individual patients were asked to lie on the mat to receive non-focused total-body treatment with weak electromagnetic fields.

This study tested 5 different electromagnetic set-ups, each of which included 3 frequency/intensity pairs named "steps", with a time-on administration and a pause or time-off cycle (expressed in seconds). A sinusoidal wave form was used to produce the emissions for all the steps. The 5 different set-ups were labelled with Greek letters corresponding to the brain waves of the same frequencies (δ, θ, α, β, γ). The characteristics of the individual set-ups are listed in the following Table 1.

All the set-ups had a treatment time of 3 minutes. The subjects were assessed without administration of any ELF-EMF, but with the device switched on (measurement labelled ω), and then subsequently a single time for each set-up listed in the Table 1. Each subject involved in the study was therefore assessed 6 times.

The volunteers were assessed lying down with eyes closed. The position of the wooden couch supporting the mat was arranged so that the subjects were unable to see the control unit. This expedient, combined with the absence of any perception when the field is generated, ensured that the subjects did not know whether or not the device was actually in operation. After each distinct assessment with the electromagnetic field, the subjects were asked to stand up and remain upright for 3 minutes, away from the device mat. All administrations were conducted using the same device and in the same environment, the integrated medicine clinic at the APSP Santa Maria (Cles), without distractions or stimulations from third parties (background music, air fresheners, etc.) or the medical staff.

EEG

Electroencephalography is the most widely used non-invasive method for the study of cerebral electrical activity [12]. An electroencephalogram trace (EEG) divides up cerebral electrical activity into different brain wave ranges [12] labelled with the Greek letters: δ, θ, α, β, γ.

In this study an Eopch+ [13,14] 14 channel wireless electroencephalography headset from the Emotiv^® company, was used. Sample recording was set at 128 Hz. The following brain derivations were studied: AF3, F7, F3, FC5, T7, P7, O1, O2, P8, T8, FC6, F4, F8, AF4.

EEG: FFT and Power Band

The device operates with the EmotivPRO proprietary software, which is capable of recording a RAW trace and conducting real-time analysis of band strength by Fourier transform (FFT). In this way it is possible to measure the band strength for each cerebral wave except delta waves, which are not analysed by FFT because the strength of delta signal would possibly mask high frequency low amplitude oscillations. The Power Band reading was assessed for all the brain derivations studied. The emissions of the two individual hemispheres as the sum of same-side derivations, and overall brain emissions, were also assessed as more generic readings.

The software did not provide data for the endogenous response to the δ wave, while it subdivided the study of β waves into two subcategories: low and high. Consequently, the bands recorded were:

• θ (4-8 Hz),

• α (8-12 Hz),

• β-low (12-16 Hz),

• β-high (16-25 Hz),

• γ (25-45 Hz).

EEG: Z-Ratio

In order to resolve the information gap regarding any incidental modifications to the δ waves, the data obtained by the abovementioned software were downloaded in ^*.EDF format and analysed using the open source EDFBrowser software. This was used to analyse the Z-Ratio [15], taken here as a measurement to calculate cerebral activity at low and high frequencies within a period or "epoch" of 2 seconds. This period is expressed on a scale of -1 to +1, with negative values indicating a predominance of high frequency activity and positive values indicating a predominance of low frequency activity. The Z-Ratio is calculated as follows (the Greek letters represent the corresponding brain waves):

$$\text{Z-ratio = }\frac{\left(\text{δ + θ}\right)\text{-}\left(\text{α + β}\right)}{\text{δ + θ + α + β}}$$

The data obtained for the Power Bands did not follow a Gaussian distribution and were consequently transformed using the Log in order to normalize the distribution and make it possible to conduct a parametric statistical analysis applying Student's t-distribution. The Z-ratio data again did not have a Gaussian distribution and they were analysed using the Mann-Whitney test. Transformation to a logarithmic scale and statistical analysis were conducted using the GraphPad^® InStat software.

Results

Shown below are the average power band values for the cerebral waves (θ, α, β-low, β-high, γ) for each derivation (Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6) (Graph 1, Graph 2, Graph 3, Graph 4 and Graph 5), and the Z-Ratio (Table 7 and Graph 6) obtained from the 6 measurements.

Effects of stimulation with ELF-EMF δ

Stimulation with frequencies in the δ range (1-2-3 Hz) produced an interesting increase in cerebral electrical activity in general, with an adaptive response. In detail:

• AF3: Decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.055; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.12, p = 0.003);

• F7: Decrease in θ wave (average value ω: 5.117; average value under ELF-EMF: 2.168, p = 0.039), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.063; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.102, p = 0.0023);

• F3: Increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.476; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.058, p = 0.04), increase in β-high wave (average value ω: 0.338; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.195, p = 0.047), increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.229; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.632, p = 0.028), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.038; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.23, p = 0.000);

• FC5: Decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.087; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.146, p = 0.000);

• T7: Decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.013; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.146, p = 0.016);

• P7: Increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.152; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.867, p = 0.017), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.04; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.159, p = 0.000);

• O1: Decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.039; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.148, p = 0.007);

• O2: Increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.765; average value under ELF-EMF: 3.312, p = 0.05), increase in β-high wave (average value ω: 0.334; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.053, p = 0.009), increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.132; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.318, p = 0.012), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: -0.007; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.18, p = 0.002);

• P8: Increase in β-high wave (average value ω: 0.391; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.724, p = 0.049), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.019; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.163, p = 0.007);

• T8: Increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.724; average value under ELF-EMF: 2.476, p = 0.043), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.103; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.197, p = 0.000);

• FC6: Decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.094; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.267, p = 0.000);

• F4: Increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.788; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.762, p = 0.037), increase in β-high wave (average value ω: 0.471; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.781, p = 0.022), increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.153; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.445, p = 0.000), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.165; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.283, p = 0.000);

• F8: Decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.039; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.242, p = 0.000);

• AF4: Increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.717; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.257, p = 0.025), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.028; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.229, p = 0.000);

• Average LH: Decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.042; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.131, p = 0.000);

• Average RH: Increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.789; average value under ELF-EMF: 2.515, p = 0.05), decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.063; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.223, p = 0.000);

• Total Brain: Decrease in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.055; average value under ELF-EMF: -0.187, p = 0.000).

Effects of stimulation with ELF-EMF θ

Stimulation with frequencies in the θ range (4-6-8 Hz) produced a very different response compared to the stimulation analysed above. In detail:

• AF3: No significant variation in brain waves and Z-Ratio;

• F7: No significant variation in brain waves and Z-Ratio;

• F3: Increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.229; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.7, p = 0.033), increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.038; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.137, p = 0.039);

• FC5: No significant variation in brain waves and Z-Ratio;

• T7: Increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.013; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.148, p = 0.033);

• P7: Increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.152; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.392, p = 0.000);

• O1: Increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.872; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.926, p = 0.042);

• O2: Increase in α wave (average value ω: 1.895; average value under ELF-EMF: 3.866, p = 0.016), increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.765; average value under ELF-EMF: 2.289, p = 0.024), increase in β-high wave (average value ω: 0.334; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.805, p = 0.02), increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.132; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.518, p = 0.000), increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: -0.007; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.187, p = 0.0137);

• P8: Increase in β-high wave (average value ω: 0.391; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.614, p = 0.049), increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.019; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.164, p = 0.03);

• T8: Increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.724; average value under ELF-EMF: 2.733, p = 0.028), increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.491; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.379, p = 0.035), increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.103; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.209, p = 0.049);

• FC6: No significant variation in brain waves and Z-Ratio;

• F4: Increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.788; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.371, p = 0.034), increase in β-high wave (average value ω: 0.471; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.329, p = 0.006), increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.153; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.121, p = 0.000), increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.165; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.215, p = 0.046);

• F8: No significant variation in brain waves and Z-Ratio;

• AF4: Increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.717; average value under ELF-EMF: 2.583, p = 0.042), increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.028; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.101, p = 0.023);

• Average LH: No significant variation in brain waves and Z-Ratio;

• Average RH: Increase in α wave (average value ω: 1.921; average value under ELF-EMF: 3.12, p = 0.05), increase in β-low wave (average value ω: 0.789; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.702, p = 0.017), increase in β-high wave (average value ω: 0.672; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.639, p = 0.012), increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.063; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.168, p = 0.02);

• Total Brain: Increase in γ wave (average value ω: 0.382; average value under ELF-EMF: 1.158, p = 0.05), increase in Z-Ratio (average value ω: 0.055; average value under ELF-EMF: 0.151, p = 0.023).

Effects of stimulation with ELF-EMF α

Stimulation with frequencies in the α range (9-11-13 Hz) produced a minor response compared to the two cases described above. In detail:

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