Table 1: Sex differences in absolute and normalized peak force.
Males (n = 35) | Females (n = 17) | |||||||
Absolute Peak Force, N | Means | SD | Means | SD | P-Values | Effect Size | Power | |
#Flexion | 139.8 | (51.7) | 111.0 | (27.8) | 0.034 | 0.694 | 0.613 | |
#Right Diagonal Flexion | 118.0 | (41.2) | 100.9 | (23.3) | 0.042 | 0.511 | 0.380 | |
#Left Diagonal Flexion | 122.4 | (44.1) | 101.3 | (26.3) | 0.079 | 0.581 | 0.469 | |
Right Lateral Flexion | 123.4 | (35.7) | 94.3 | (20.4) | 0.003* | 1.001 | 0.913 | |
#Left Lateral Flexion | 119.0 | (38.8) | 99.4 | (19.3) | 0.055 | 0.640 | 0.544 | |
Right Diagonal Extension | 143.6 | (37.9) | 120.2 | (30.8) | 0.031 | 0.678 | 0.613 | |
Left Diagonal Extension | 144.3 | (37.1) | 119.3 | (27.6) | 0.017 | 0.765 | 0.718 | |
Extension | 195.5 | (47.7) | 157.6 | (29.1) | 0.004* | 0.959 | 0.889 | |
Normalized Peak Force, N/kg | Means | SD | Means | SD | P-Values | Effect Size | Power | |
Flexion | 2.2 | (0.6) | 1.9 | (0.5) | 0.081 | 0.543 | 0.437 | |
Right Diagonal Flexion | 1.9 | (0.6) | 1.8 | (0.3) | 0.225 | 0.167 | 0.086 | |
Left Diagonal Flexion | 2.0 | (0.5) | 1.8 | (0.4) | 0.176 | 0.442 | 0.311 | |
Right Lateral Flexion | 2.0 | (0.6) | 1.6 | (0.3) | 0.005* | 0.843 | 0.798 | |
Left Lateral Flexion | 1.9 | (0.5) | 1.7 | (0.3) | 0.113 | 0.485 | 0.363 | |
Right Diagonal Extension | 2.3 | (0.6) | 2.1 | (0.4) | 0.079 | 0.392 | 0.256 | |
Left Diagonal Extension | 2.3 | (0.5) | 2.0 | (0.4) | 0.042 | 0.663 | 0.594 | |
Extension | 3.2 | (0.8) | 2.8 | (0.6) | 0.073 | 0.566 | 0.467 |
# represents nonparametric analyses, *represents significant sex differences at P < 0.00625.