Table 1: Sex differences in absolute and normalized peak force.

Males (n = 35) Females (n = 17)
Absolute Peak Force, N Means SD Means SD P-Values Effect Size Power
#Flexion 139.8 (51.7) 111.0 (27.8) 0.034 0.694 0.613
#Right Diagonal Flexion 118.0 (41.2) 100.9 (23.3) 0.042 0.511 0.380
#Left Diagonal Flexion 122.4 (44.1) 101.3 (26.3) 0.079 0.581 0.469
Right Lateral Flexion 123.4 (35.7) 94.3 (20.4) 0.003* 1.001 0.913
#Left Lateral Flexion 119.0 (38.8) 99.4 (19.3) 0.055 0.640 0.544
Right Diagonal Extension 143.6 (37.9) 120.2 (30.8) 0.031 0.678 0.613
Left Diagonal Extension 144.3 (37.1) 119.3 (27.6) 0.017 0.765 0.718
Extension 195.5 (47.7) 157.6 (29.1) 0.004* 0.959 0.889
Normalized Peak Force, N/kg Means SD Means SD P-Values Effect Size Power
Flexion 2.2 (0.6) 1.9 (0.5) 0.081 0.543 0.437
Right Diagonal Flexion 1.9 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3) 0.225 0.167 0.086
Left Diagonal Flexion 2.0 (0.5) 1.8 (0.4) 0.176 0.442 0.311
Right Lateral Flexion 2.0 (0.6) 1.6 (0.3) 0.005* 0.843 0.798
Left Lateral Flexion 1.9 (0.5) 1.7 (0.3) 0.113 0.485 0.363
Right Diagonal Extension 2.3 (0.6) 2.1 (0.4) 0.079 0.392 0.256
Left Diagonal Extension 2.3 (0.5) 2.0 (0.4) 0.042 0.663 0.594
Extension 3.2 (0.8) 2.8 (0.6) 0.073 0.566 0.467

# represents nonparametric analyses, *represents significant sex differences at P < 0.00625.