Table 1: Responses to dry or wet static or dynamic apneas for divers, swimmers, U/W rugby players & healthy
individuals.
|
Researchers |
Participants
& Type of Exercise |
HR
(bpm) |
ΜΑP
(mmHg) |
SaO2
(%) |
SBF |
Conclusions |
|
Lindholm, et al. [28] |
9
healthy males Cycle
ergometer for 45
minutes at 120 Watt |
Apnea_Cycle:
(44 ± 8)* BRBb:
3 ± 3 |
Apnea_Cycle:
49 ± 4 BRBb:
30 ± 5 |
Apnea_Cycle
(1.1 ± 0.1) BRBb:
(2.2 ± 0.2) |
NA |
When the DR was more intense SaO2 fell at a slower rate |
|
Andersson, et al. [33] |
8
breath-hold divers/underwater rugby players Cycle
ergometer for 50 minutes at
100 Watt |
Apnea_FI: (33 ±
4%) Apnea_Air: (21 ±
4%) Vs. control |
Apnea_FI: 42
± 6% Apnea_Air: 34
± 4% Vs.
control |
Apnea_FI: (5.2
± 0.5%) Apnea_Air: (6.8
± 0.8%) Vs.
control |
Apnea_FI: (39 ±
5%) Apnea_Air (29 ±
6%) Vs. control |
DR was more intense during exercise with face immersion in cold water as opposed to apnea in the air |
|
Andersson, et al. [34] |
15
breath-hold divers Cycle
ergometer for 50 minutes at 80 Watt |
Apnea_FI: (35%) Apnea_Air: (25%) Vs. control |
Apnea_FI: 35 Apnea_Air: 30 Vs.
control |
Apnea_FI: (8 ±
1%) Apnea_Air: (6 ±
1%) Vs. control |
Apnea_FI: (37) Apnea_Air: (30) Vs. control |
DR is an oxygen conservation mechanism during apnea particularly with face
immersion probably through the fall in the cardiac output and peripheral blood flow |
|
Kiviniemi, et al. [60] |
9
elit divers Underwater
swimming |
DAp: (42) SAp: (12) |
Dap: 26 SAp:
26 |
DAp: 20 SAp: 22 |
NA |
Dynamic
apnea may blunt HR variability compared to static apnea |
|
Konstantinidou & Soultanakis [62] |
10
swimmers Treadmill
for 3 minutes - max load at 85% of VO2max |
AAE: (30.7 ±
12.5) AAR: (16.6 ± 11.9) |
AAE: 15 AAR: 5 |
NA |
NA |
Apnea after short intensive exercise may induce stronger DR |
Apnea_air: apnea in the air; Apnea_cycle: apnea during cycling at a standardised volume; AAE: apnea after exercise; Apnea_FI: apnea with face immersion; AAR: apnea
after rest; DAp: dynamic apnea;
DR: diving reflex; HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; NA: not
available; BRBb: breathing in a re-breathing bag with
an equivalent volume; SAp: static apnea;
SaO2: arterial blood oxygen saturation; SBF: peripheral blood flow;
U/W: underwater.
*Numbers in brackets () denote a decrease.