Table 1: Commonly used algorithms describing the soil detachment by raindrop impact.
Source | Algorithm | Parameters |
[15,16] | ei = a.P/I | ei = Rainfall detachment rate, a = Rainfall detachability, P = Rainfall intensity, I = Number of sediment settling velocity classes. |
[29] | EI = α.rβ | EI = Rainfall detachment, r = Rainfall intensity, α = Soil detachability, β = An exponent. |
[29] | ei = a.P/I [I - H(x, t)] | ei = Rainfall detachment rate, a = Rainfall detachability, P = Rainfall intensity, I = Number of sediment settling velocity classes, H = Shield layer. |
[29] | edi = adP (Mdi/Mdτ)H | edi = Re-detachment of deposited particles, ad = Detachability of the deposited layer, P = Rainfall intensity, Mdi = The mass per unit area of the sediment of class i in the deposited layer, Mdτ = The total mass of the sediment in the layer, H = Shield layer. |
[118] | e = a.p.Mg | a = Detachability constant, P = Rainfall intensity, Mg = Particle mass on the surface. |
[55] | er = c0 (I2/Ws) exp(-ηh) | er = Ejected particles by rain splash, c0 = Maximum sediment concentration generated by the raindrop impact in the overlying water, I = Rainfall intensity, Ws = Settling velocity of sediment particles, η = The damping rate of the water depth, h = Water depth. |
[131] | SS = 7.50 i0.41 ek1.14 c -0.52 | SS = Soil splash, ek = kinetic energy, i = Rainfall intensity, c = Clay percent. |
[33] | a = ce(40)/C(40P/D) | a = Rainfall detachment rate, ce(40) = Experimental sediment concentration at t = 40, C = Theoretical sediment concentration, P = Rainfall intensity, D = Flow depth. |
[132] | EI = αr2 | EI = Detachment by raindrop impact, α = A coefficient to be calibrated, r = Uniform rainfall intensity. |
[31] | Dk(c) = Kk(c) . Rk(c)
Rk(c) = 1.030 ρ cos2 θ Σ ai di4 Vi2 |
Dk(c) = Soil detachment by raindrops, Rk(c) = Kinematic energy times unit of drop circumference, ρ = Density of water, θ = Surface slope, ai = Number of drops in the class i, di = Mean drop diameter in class i, Vi = Velocity of drops with diameter di. |
[133] | Ds = KdKEb | Ds = Rate of soil detached by raindrop impact, Kd = Soil-dependent detachability coefficient, KE = Kinetic energy of the rain, b = Dimensionless exponent varying between 0.9 for sandy soils and 1.8 for clays. |
[134] | Ds = KIIc | Ds = Splash detachment, KI = Detachability of soil, I = Rain intensity, c = An exponent that takes values in the range 1.1 [13] to 2 [134]. |
[135] | Ds = KMMd | Ds = Rate of soil detachment per unit area, KM = Detachability of soil, M = Momentum, d = An exponent that takes values in the range 1.0 [15] to 2 [136]. |
[137] | Di = KiI2 | Di = Interrill detachment rate, Ki = Interrill erodibility constant, I = Rain intensity. |
[27] | Dr = KdI(E - E0) | Dr = Rainfall detachment rate, Kd = Detachability of rain, I = Rainfall intensity, E = Unit kinetic energy of rainstorm, E0 = Unit threshold kinetic energy needed to initiate soil detachment. |