All participants

ACR category (mg/g)

Proteinuria

PCR categories (mg/g)

< 30
(N = 78,386)

≥ 30
(N = 10,092)

P value

–
(N = 81,849)

Trace
(N = 1,739)

≥ 1+
(N = 4,890)

P value

< 150
(N = 82,594)

≥ 150
(N = 5,884)

P value

Age, year

55.22 ± 12.54

55.14 ± 12.44

55.83 ± 13.26

< 0.001

55.22 ± 12.46^b

56.45 ± 11.42^c

54.73 ± 14.14^a

< 0.001

55.18 ± 12.48

55.78 ± 13.38

< 0.001

Sex, male; n (%)

48265 (54.6)

42502 (54.2)

5763 (57.1)

< 0.001

44192 (54)

856 (49.2)

3217 (65.8)

< 0.001

44628 (54.0)

3637 (61.8)

< 0.001

Systolic BP, mmHg

118.84 ± 14.01

118.42 ± 13.77

122.12 ± 15.37

< 0.001

118.72 ± 13.91^b

115.95 ± 13.55^a

121.87 ± 15.37^c

< 0.001

118.71 ± 13.91

120.71 ± 15.3

< 0.001

Diastolic BP, mmHg

74.32 ± 9.06

74.12 ± 8.95

75.89 ± 9.67

< 0.001

74.25 ± 9.01^b

71.78 ± 7.86^a

76.38 ± 9.85^c

< 0.001

74.25 ± 9.01

75.4 ± 9.56

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m²

24.32 ± 3.29

24.29 ± 3.23

24.6 ± 3.7

< 0.001

24.29 ± 3.25^a

24.2 ± 3.42^a

24.86 ± 3.82^b

< 0.001

24.3 ± 3.25

24.71 ± 3.74

< 0.001

FBS, mg/dL

100.62 ± 21.9

99.37 ± 18.39

110.41 ± 38.41

< 0.001

99.87 ± 20.1^a

105.5 ± 33.37^b

111.63 ± 37.18^c

< 0.001

99.88 ± 20.09

111.13 ± 37.87

< 0.001

HbA1c, %

5.88 ± 0.83

5.83 ± 0.7

6.28 ± 1.41

< 0.001

5.86 ± 0.77^a

6.08 ± 1.26^b

6.27 ± 1.37^c

< 0.001

5.86 ± 0.77

6.29 ± 1.39

< 0.001

TC, mg/dL

201.51 ± 39.97

201.78 ± 39.43

199.45 ± 43.92

< 0.001

201.58 ± 39.58^b

206.87 ± 44.19^c

198.61 ± 44.69^a

< 0.001

201.62 ± 39.6

199.9 ± 44.94

< 0.001

TG, mg/dL

122.89 ± 91.99

121.63 ± 87.65

132.76 ± 120.14

< 0.001

121.82 ± 89.49^a

120.64 ± 93.4^a

141.95 ± 125.32^b

< 0.001

121.93 ± 89.56

136.93 ± 121.24

< 0.001

HDL-C, mg/dL

54.34 ± 13.5

54.4 ± 13.38

53.93 ± 14.38

< 0.001

54.37 ± 13.41^b

56.05 ± 14.91^c

53.34 ± 14.39^a

< 0.001

54.38 ± 13.42

53.87 ± 14.59

< 0.001

LDL-C, mg/dL

122.86 ± 36.62

123.28 ± 36.16

119.58 ± 39.89

< 0.001

123.08 ± 36.25^b

127.18 ± 40.92^c

117.71 ± 40.75^a

< 0.001

123.09 ± 36.28

119.41 ± 41.19

< 0.001

Uric acid, mg/dL

5.35 ± 1.43

5.34 ± 1.41

5.42 ± 1.53

< 0.001

5.33 ± 1.41^a

5.29 ± 1.45^a

5.68 ± 1.57^b

< 0.001

5.34 ± 1.42

5.57 ± 1.56

< 0.001

Serum creatinine, mg/dL

0.96 ± 0.2

0.96 ± 0.18

0.99 ± 0.3

< 0.001

0.96 ± 0.19^a

0.95 ± 0.22^a

1.04 ± 0.35^b

< 0.001

0.96 ± 0.19

1.02 ± 0.34

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

78.55 ± 13.9

78.6 ± 13.57

78.19 ± 16.22

< 0.001

78.71 ± 13.7^b

78.28 ± 14.81^b

76.06 ± 16.33^a

< 0.001

78.67 ± 13.7

76.88 ± 16.33

< 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

20598 (23.6)

17292 (22.4)

3306 (33.4)

< 0.001

18460 (22.9)

465 (27.1)

1673 (34.9)

< 0.001

18613 (22.9)

1985 (34.4)

< 0.001

Obesity, n (%)

32065 (38.9)

28133 (38.5)

3932 (42.3)

< 0.001

29395 (38.6)

605 (37)

2065 (45.8)

< 0.001

29689 (38.6)

2376 (43.6)

< 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

9913 (11.3)

7460 (9.6)

2453 (24.7)

< 0.001

8400 (10.4)

314 (18.3)

1199 (24.9)

< 0.001

8475 (10.4)

1438 (24.8)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

31229 (35.7)

27295 (35.2)

3934 (39.7)

< 0.001

28603 (35.4)

669 (39.2)

1957 (40.7)

< 0.001

28875 (35.4)

2354 (40.7)

< 0.001