Table 1: Plant extracts that exhibited bioactivity against the cytopathogenicity of previously discovered human and murine coronaviruses.
|
Plant name |
Part used |
Extract type |
Viral disease |
Mechanism of action |
EC50/IC50 (µg/ml) |
|
Artemisia annua |
Whole plant |
Ethanol |
SARS [66] |
↓CPE |
34.5-39.2 |
|
Pyrrosia lingua |
Leaf |
Chloroform |
SARS [66] |
↓CPE |
40.5-43.2 |
|
Lindera aggregate |
Root |
Ethanol |
SARS [66] |
↓CPE |
80.6-88.2 |
|
Houttuynia cordata |
Whole plant |
Water |
SARS [95] |
CD4+↑, CD8+↑ IL-2↑, IL-10↑, ┤3CLpro |
1000 |
|
Rheum palmatum L. |
-- |
Ethanol |
SARS [96] |
┤3CLpro |
13.76 ± 0.03 |
|
Isatis indigotica |
Root |
Water |
SARS [90] |
┤3CLpro |
217-1210 µM |
|
Euphorbia Neriifolia |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
HCoV [100] |
Decreased survival |
-- |
|
Toona sinensis |
Leaf |
Water |
SARS [101] |
↓CPE, Inhibit replication |
-- |
|
Cibotium barometz |
-- |
Methanol |
SARS [97] |
↓CPE, ┤3CLpro |
39± 3 |
|
Gentiana scabra |
-- |
Water |
SARS [97] |
↓CPE, ┤3CLpro |
>50 |
|
Dioscorea batatas |
-- |
Methanol |
SARS [97] |
↓CPE, ┤3CLpro |
44 ± 2 |
|
Cassia tora |
-- |
Water |
SARS [97] |
↓CPE, ┤3CLpro |
>50 |
|
Taxillus chinensis |
-- |
Water |
SARS [97] |
↓CPE, ┤3CLpro |
>50 |
|
Cinnamomi cortex |
-- |
Butanol |
SARS [91] |
↓CPE |
7.8 ± 0.3 |
|
Caryophylli flos |
-- |
Butanol |
SARS [91] |
↓CPE |
51.3 ± 4.9 |
|
Tribulus terrestris |
Fruit |
Methanol |
SARS [98] |
┤PLpro |
15.8-44.4 |
|
Paulownia tomentosa |
Fruit |
Methanol |
SARS [98] |
┤PLpro |
5.0-14.4 µM |
CPE = Cytopathogenic effect; HCoV = Human Coronaviruses; IL = interleukin; 3CLpro = 3C-like protease; PLpro = Papain-like protease; ‘↑’ = increased/up-regulated; ‘↓’ = decreased/down-regulated; ‘┤’ = inhibition.