Summary table of studies examining WBC for post-exercise recovery, with varying protocol factors

Table 1: Summary table of studies examining WBC for post-exercise recovery, with varying protocol factors.

Study	Sample characteristics	Exercise protocol/s	Treatment duration	Treatment temperature	Treatment timing post exercise	Treatment frequency	Major effects/ findings
Hausswirth, et al. [31]	9 runners, average age 31.8	48-minute simulated trail run on treadmill (alternating gradients)	3 mins	-110 °C	< 5 mins	3 treatments on consecutive days	+ve effect on muscle torque, pain and wellbeing
Fonda & Sarabon [30]	11 males, active, average age 26.9	Plyometric exercises (drop jumps and leg curls)	3 mins	-140 °C -185 °C	1 hour	7 treatments on consecutive days	+ve effect on muscle torque, jump power and pain
Ferreira-Junior, et al. [32]	12 males, active, average age 23.9	Concentric and eccentric knee extensions - 6 sets of 10 repetitions for each	3 mins (PBC^*)	-110 °C	< 5 mins	Single	+ve effect on muscle torque
Ferreira-Junior, et al. [39]	26 males, active, average age 20.2	Drop jumps - 5 sets of 20 repetitions	3 mins (PBC^*)	-110 °C	10 mins	Single	+ve effect on muscle torque, muscle thickness
Costello, et al. [18]	18 Ps - male and female	Eccentric knee extensions - 20 sets of 5 reps	3 mins	-110 °C	24 hrs	Single	No +ve effect
Vieira, et al. [40]	12 males, average age 23.9, resistance trained	Concentric and eccentric knee extensions - 6 sets of 10 repetitions	3 mins	-110 °C	< 5 mins	Single	No +ve effect
Ziemann, et al. [34]	12 male tennis players	5 days moderate intensity training - strength, endurance, agility	3 mins	-120 °C	N/A (9:30 and 17:30 each day)	2 treatments a day for 5 consecutive days	+ve effects on inflammation, CK, VO₂, heart rate
Wozniak, et al. [11]	21 kayakers, male and female, average age 24	10 days of training - endurance, strength and water	3 mins	-120 °C -140 °C	??	3 treatments a day for 10 consecutive days (trained). Single (untrained)	+ve effect on CK activity (i.e. reduced activity) after 6 days training
Pournot, et al. [36]	11 male runners, average age 31.8	48-minute simulated trail run on treadmill (alternating gradients)	3 mins	-110 °C	< 30 mins	4 treatments on consecutive days	+ve effect on cytokines (i.e. anti-inflammation)
Selfe, et al. [10]	14 male rugby players, average age 24.	Rugby fixture	1, 2 or 3 mins	-135 °C	12-24 hrs		No effect on cytokines, +ve and -ve effect on tissue oxygenation.
Kruger, et al. [41]	11 male athletes, average age 25.9	5 × 5 minutes of high intensity running	3 mins	-110 °C	45 mins	Single	+ve effect on tissue oxygenation, VO₂.
Wozniak, et al. [15]	20 elite male kayakers, 10 untrained men	Kayak training, including strength and endurance training	3 mins	-120 °C - 140 °C	??	3 treatments a day for 10 consecutive days (trained). Single (untrained)	+ve effect on antioxidants (e.g. superoxide dismutase)
Ziemann, et al. [37]	18 males, average age 21.7	30-minute step ups	3 mins	-110 °C	N/A (8:00 and 16:00 each day)	2 treatments a day for 5 consecutive days	+ve effect on inflammation, CK, DOMS, cholesterol (LDL/HDL ratio)
Schaal, et al. [50]	10 elite female swimmers, average age 20.4	2-week intense swimming training	3 mins	-110 °C	N/A (between 18:00-19:00 each day)	14 treatments on consecutive days	+ve effect on salivary α-amylase, blood lactate, sleep duration and sleep efficiency.
Grasso, et al. [48]	25 male rugby players, average age 25.6	Rugby training	3 mins	-140 °C	?? (morning and evening)	2 treatments a day for 7 consecutive days	+ve effect on cortisol and testosterone
Russell, et al. [33]	14 Premier League academy football players, average age 18	15 × 30 m sprints	2 mins	-135 °C	20 mins	Single	+ve effect on testosterone. No effect on other variables.
Abaidia, et al. [60]	10 males, active, average age 23.4	Eccentric knee flexions - 5 sets of 15 repetitions	3 mins	-110 °C	5 mins	Single	No +ve effect. ^**
Hohenauer, et al. [61]	10 males, average age 25.8	Drop jumps - 5 sets of 20 repetitions	2 mins (PBC^*)	-135 °C	<10 mins	Single	Small +ve effect on muscle torque and soreness ^**
Wilson, et al. [44]	10 male runners, average age 37.7	Marathon race	3 mins	-85 °C	15 mins	Double (separated by 15 mins)	No +ve effect on muscle torque, but slight +ve effect on soreness.
Mawhinney, et al. [24]	10 males, average age 22.3	Steady state cycling until core temp 38 °C reached (average 45 mins)	2 mins	-110 °C	10 mins	Single	Reduction in muscle temperature, heart rate ^**
Krueger, et al. [53]	11 male athletes, average age 25.9	5 × 5 minutes of high intensity running	3 mins	-110 °C	45 mins	Single	No +ve effect on inflammation, testosterone