GOS-E Assessed at Least 6 months Post Injury (n = 52)

Persistent Seizures After 7 days Post Injury (n = 51)

Patient Characteristics

No GOS-E

n = 9

GOS-E ≤ 5 n (%)

GOS-E > 5

 n (%)

P-Value

Late seizures Absent n (%)

Late seizures Present n (%)

P-Value

Gender

Male

6

18 (62.1)

11 (37.9)

0.329

24 (70.6)

10 (29.4)

0.531

Female

3

6 (42.9)

8 (57.1)

10 (58.8)

7 (41.2)

Mean age

5.4

4.6

5

0.774

4.2

6.3

0.119

Prematurity

No

7

20 (60.6)

13 (39.4)

0.295

26 (65.0)

14 (35)

0.731

Yes

2

4 (40.0)

6 (60.0)

8 (72.7)

3 (27.3)

Insurance type

Private

2

5 (45.4)

6 (54.6)

0.495

7 (53.8)

6 (46.2)

0.315

Medicaid/None

7

19 (59.4)

13 (40.6)

27 (71.1)

11 (28.9)

Presenting factors

Outside Hospital

No

2

6 (54.6)

5 (45.4)

0.995

9 (69.2)

4 (30.7)

1

Yes

7

18 (56.3)

14 (43.7)

25 (65.8)

13 (34.2)

Glasgow Coma Scale 

GCS > 8 (mild to moderate TBI)

9

14 (73.7)

5 (26.3)

0.033

20 (74.1)

7 (25.9)

0.228

GCS ≤ (severe TBI)

0

9 (39.1)

14 (60.9)

13 (56.5)

10 (43.5)

Retinal hemorrhages (Y/N)

No

1

6 (100.0)

0 (0)

0.027

6 (85.7)

1 (14.3)

0.401

Yes

8

18 (48.7)

19 (51.3)

28 (77.8)

16 (28.2)

Cardiac arrest

No

9

24 (66.7)

12 (33.3)

0.002

31 (68.9)

14 (31.1)

0.387

Yes

0

0 (0)

7 (100.0)

3 (50.0)

3 (50.0)

Radiology

Parenchymal injury 

No

4

9 (100)

0 (0)

0.002

12 (92.3)

1 (7.7)

0.038

Yes

5

15 (44.9)

19 (55.1)

22 (57.9)

16 (42.1)

Skull fracture

No

7

22 (61.1)

14 (38.9)

0.211

28 (66.7)

14 (33.3)

1

Yes

2

2 (28.6)

5 (71.4)

6 (66.7)

3 (33.3)

Other fractures

No

5

15 (57.7)

11 (42.3)

1

Yes

4

9 (52.9)

8 (47.1)

Seizures

Seizures on presentation 

No

2

10 (47.6)

11 (52.4)

0.364

13 (59.1)

9 (40.9)

0.377

Yes

7

14 (63.6)

8 (36.4)

21 (72.4)

8 (27.6)

Seizure within 7 days of injury

No

2

4 (40.0)

6 (60.0)

0.295

8 (72.7)

3 (27.3)

0.731

Yes

7

20 (60.6)

13 (39.4)

26 (65.0)

14 (35.0)

Seizures treated with infusion

No

7

21 (63.6)

10 (36.4)

0.017

27 (73.0)

10 (27.0)

0.183

Yes

2

3 (25.0)

9 (75)

7 (50.0)

7 (50.0)

Clinical course 

Average length of ICU stay

3.4

6.2

14

0.001

7.2

11.6

0.025

Average Length of hospital stay

8.9

12.8

22.8

0.005

13.9

20.5

0.01