Table 3: SEM-model. Direct, indirect, and total effects between the latent constructs Teacher-Support, Intrinsic Motivation, Study-effort, and Learning.

Constructs

Hypothesis

Direct effects

Hypothesis

Indirect effects

Total effects

 

parameter

estimate

t-value

 

estimate

t-value

estimate

t-value

Learning

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IM

-

-

-

 

.08**

2.60

.08**

2.60

SE

2β 1,4 (H4)

.41**

6.95

 

-

-

.41**

6.95

TS

1γ 1,1 (H1)

.54**

8.25

(H6)

.02*

2.26

.56**

8.44

IM

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TS

β3,2 (H2)

.29**

3.97

 

-

-

.29**

3.97

SE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IM

β1,3 (H3)

.19**

2.80

 

-

-

.19**

2.80

TS

 

 

 

(H5)

0.06*

2.37

0.06*

2.37

Note: *Significant at the 5% level, **Significant at 1% level. Listwise N = 305, Missing N=24 (7.3%).

TS = Teacher-support; IM = Intrinsic motivation; SE = Study-effort; Learning = Perceived learning.

1Gamma (γ); standardized regression coefficients representing direct relationships between the independent and dependent latent constructs.

2Beta (β); standardized regression coefficients representing direct relationships between the dependent latent constructs.