Study ID

Primary Outcome(s)

Secondary Outcome(s)

Chang, 2016

[18]

Mean change in the FoG-Q score is by -2.3 points in real arm and -0.4 in sham arm

Mean FoG-Q score in post-real rTMS arm 13 (4.2) (p = 0.049)

Mean FoG-Q score in post-sham rTMS arm 15 (4.5)

Mean change in TUG task from 53.75 (31.88) to 46.12 (24.60) in real rTMS arm (p = 0.049)

Improvement in mean UPDRS-III from 20.1 (12.0) pre-stimulation to 17.3(12.8) post-stimulation in real rTMS arm (p = 0.030)

Dagan, 2017 [32]

Mean change in the FoG-Q score from 19.67 (1.86) to 18.67 (3.27) in real rTMS arm (p = 0.197)

Mean change in the FoG-Q score from 19.86 (3.13) to 21.29 (3.15) in sham rTMS arm (p = 0.063)

significant differences were observed in the motor part of the UPDRS in real rTMS arm (p = 0.028), and not significantly affected by the sham arm.

El-Tamawy, 2013 [22]

Mean Freezing episodes/day in real rTMS arm and sham rTMS arm was 11.87 (6.81) and 30 (16.81) respectively (p = 0.013)

Mean FOG-Q in real rTMS arm and sham rTMS arm was 10 (3.42) and 20 (4.63) respectively (p = 0.001)

Total UPDRS score was not affected in either study arms.

No serious adverse events were detected. n = 3 patients reported mild transient headaches (one patient received real rTMS and the other two were on the sham arm)

Kim M. S., 2015 [12]

change of FOG-Q at post-rTMS showed a significant improvement in the real arm compared with the sham condition (p < 0.05)

At post-rTMS, the change of the UPDRS in the real arm showed significant improvements compared with the sham arm (p < 0.05)

TUG and UPDRS-III at post-rTMS significantly improved compared with a pre-rTMS in real arm (p < 0.05) and no significant changes in the sham arm

Kim SJ, 2018 [23]

Significant reduction in the number of freezing episodes from baseline were seen in the SMA group (p < 0.05) but non-significant change in MC group

No significant difference in the relative change of FOG-Q post stimulation between MC and SMA group.

No significant difference score between MC arm and SMA arm in mean UPDRS total score 55.5 (17.4), 55.7 (11.9) respectively (p = 0.873)

No significant difference score between MC arm and SMA arm in mean UPDRS III score 28.1 (11.7), 29.0 (8.5) respectively (p = 0.631)

Lee, 2014

[19]

FOG-Q scores changed from 13.2 (3.4) to

13.0 (3.3) in the M1-LL, from 13.0 (3.2) to 13.0 (3.2) in the SMA, from 13.1 (3.1) to 12.9 (3.2) in the DLPFC, and from 13.1 (3.2) to 13.0 (3.3) in sham stimulation, respectively; with no significance of any between pre and post stimulation.

Mean average time for TUG test decreased when stimulating M1-LL from 52.7 (13.0) sec to 38.0 (5.8) sec, DLPFC (from 47.3 (9.7 sec) to 42.0 (8.6) sec and SMA from 38.9 (7.9) sec to 37.0 (6.1) sec with P = 0.003, P = 0.046, and P > 0.05 respectively.

Mean UPDRS-III scores were significantly decreased after both M1-LL from 22.0 (2.5) to 20.7 (2.5) and DLPFC from 22.5 (2.6) to 21.5 (2.5) stimulation (P = 0.002 and P = 0.005 respectively). After SMA and sham stimulation non-significant change (P > 0.05).

PD sub-type analysis, only in IPD, there was a significant improvement in TUG after M1-LL stimulation only (P = 0.046).

,

Rektorova, 2007 [21]

FOG-Q scores changed from 20.5 (10;22) to

18.0 (12;24) in the M1-LL, and from 14.0 (12;18) to 17.0 (12;18) in the DLPFC stimulation, respectively; with no significance of any between pre and post stimulation^*

FOG episodes frequency changed from 10.0 (7;14) to 14.0 (1;14) in the M1-LL, and from 15.5 (11;16) to 15.0 (15;20) in the DLPFC stimulation, respectively; with no significance of any between pre and post-stimulation^*

UPDRS III changed from 23.0 (9;40) to 21.0 (9;40) in the M1-LL, and from 26.0 (13;40) to 22.0 (7;40) in the DLPFC stimulation, respectively; with no significance of any between pre and post stimulation^*

Thomassen and Arns, 2010 [20]

FOG-Q scores changed non-significantly from 6.4 (5.5) pre-stimulation to 6.7 (6.4) post-stimulation (P = 0.795).

Significant improvement in mean UPDRS total score 38.3 (15.8) before to 33.8 (17.2) after stimulation (P = 0.001).