Study

Year

Design

N

PE Events

Progression (%)

GA at Diagnosis

Proteinuria Definition

Key Risk Factors Reported

Morikawa, et al.

2008

Retrospective

37

19

51.40%

<32 vs. ≥ 32 wks

≥ 300 mg/day (24-hour urine)

Earlier onset ↑ risk

Shinar, et al.

2016

Retrospective

95

21

22.10%

Mid-gestation

≥ 300 mg/day (24-hour urine)

Higher proteinuria ↑ risk

Chung, et al.

2018

Retrospective

73

18

24.70%

Mid-gestation

≥ 300 mg/day (24-hour urine)

≥ 2 g/day ↑ risk; FGR association

Ekiz, et al.

2016

Retrospective

157

53

33.70%

>20 weeks

24h urine protein

Prior PE (OR ~11); protein level ↑ risk

Vural, et al.

2024

Prospective

51

10

19.60%

2nd trimester

≥ 300 mg/day (24-hour urine)

Prior PE; younger age