Table 2: Functional groups of E. nigrum biomasses and the corresponding infrared absorption wave lengths.

Type of Biomass

Functional group

Type of compound and vibration

Frequency (cm-1)

Reference frequency range (cm-1)

Intensity

Before

Biosorption

O-H

Hydrogen bonded alcohols & stretching

(1) 3422

3200-3600

Strong and broad

C-H

Alkanes & stretching

(2) 2933

2850-3000

Strong

C=C

Alkenes & stretching

(3) 1639

1648-1638

Variable

N-O

Nitro & stretching

(4) 1549

1550-1500

Strong

-COO-

Carboxylic acid & bending

(5) 1439

1449-1395

Medium

C-N

Amine & stretching

(6) 1319

1080-1360

Medium

C-O

Alkyl aryl ether & stretching

(7) 1260

1000-1300

Strong

C-O

Primary alcohol & stretching

(8) 1081

1085-1050

Strong

=C-H

Alkene & bending

(9) 931

675-1000

Variable

C-H

Aromatic (meta-substituted benzene) & bending

(10) 880

860-900

Strong

C-H

Aromatic (monosubstituted benzene) & bending

(11) 707

700-750

Strong

C-X

Chloroalkanes & bending

(12) 540

540-760

Strong

After modified with FeCl3 nanoparticles

O-H

Hydrogen bonded alcohols & stretching

(1) 3393

3200-3600

Strong and broad

C-H

Alkynes

(2) 2933

2850-3000

Strong

N-H

Amine-amide I & bending

(3) 1650

1650-1580

Medium

N-H

Amine-amide II & bending

(4) 1554

1540-1640

Medium

C=C

Aromatic & stretching

(5) 1452

1400-1600

Weak

C-N

Amine & stretching

(6) 1319

1080-1360

Medium

C-O

Alkyl aryl ether & stretching

(7) 1261

1000-1300

Strong

C-O

Primary alcohol & stretching

(8) 1026

1085-1050

Strong

=C-H

Alkene & bending

(9) 930

675-1000

Variable

C-H

Aromatic (meta-substituted benzene) & bending

(10) 880

860-900

Strong

C-H

Aromatic (monosubstituted benzene) & bending

(11) 707

700-750

Strong

C-X

Chloroalkanes & bending

(13) 540

540-760

Strong

Pretreated biomass after Th(IV) biosorption

O-H

Hydrogen bonded alcohols & stretching

(1) 3427

3200-3600

Strong and broad

C-H

Alkynes

(2) 2926

2850-3000

Strong

N-H

Amine- amide I & bending

(3) 1644

1650-1580

Medium

N-H

Amine- amide II & bending

(4) 1542

1540-1640

Medium

C=C

Aromatic & stretching

(5) 1453

1400-1600

Weak

N-O

Nitro & stretching

(6) 1381

1345-1385

Strong

C-N

Amine & stretching

(7) 1310

1080-1360

Medium

C-O

Alkyl aryl ether & stretching

(8) 1154

1000-1300

Strong

C-O

Primary alcohol & stretching

(9) 1032

1085-1050

Strong

C-H

Aromatic (meta-substituted benzene) & bending

(10) 860

860-900

Strong

C-H

Aromatic (monosubstituted benzene) & bending

(11) 740

700-750

Strong

C-X

Chloroalkanes & bending

(12) 540

540-760

Strong