Table 5: Cross-sectional
models for the associations between
maternal characteristics and continuous scores on the HADS-depression (HADS-D)
and HADS-anxiety (HADS-A) subscales in late pregnancy.
|
Maternal characteristics |
HADS-D |
HADS-A |
||
|
Crude β |
Adjusted β |
Crude β |
Adjusted β |
|
|
Demographics |
||||
|
Maternal age (years) |
||||
|
≤
30 |
Ref |
- |
Ref |
- |
|
30-34 |
0.15
(-0.09-0.39) |
0.07
(-0.13-0.27) |
||
|
≥
35 |
0.48
(0.10-0.86) |
0.14
(-0.17-0.46) |
||
|
Level of education |
||||
|
High |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
|
Intermediate |
0.86
(0.59-1.13) |
0.77
(0.43-1.11) |
0.27
(0.05-0.50) |
0.31
(0.03-0.59) |
|
Low |
1.23
(0.41-2.05) |
0.78
(-0.18-1.73) |
1.19
(0.50-1.88) |
1.37
(0.54-2.20) |
|
Net household income < €2500/mo/mo(€/month) |
0.82
(0.50-1.14) |
- |
0.58
(0.31-0.85) |
- |
|
Non-Dutch |
0.34
(-0.28-0.97) |
- |
0.12
(-0.38-0.63) |
- |
|
Not living together with partner |
0.55
(-0.09-1.20) |
- |
0.89
(0.36-1.43) |
- |
|
Medical history |
||||
|
Multiparity |
0.94
(0.72-1.17) |
0.98
(0.69-1.26) |
0.15
(-0.04-0.34) |
0.22
(-0.02-0.46) |
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
||||
|
Normal
weight |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
- |
|
Underweight |
0.35
(-0.30-1.00) |
0.28
(-0.50-1.06) |
0.24
(-0.30-0.78) |
|
|
Overweight/obese |
0.56
(0.28-0.83) |
0.37
(0.03-0.71) |
0.12
(-0.11-0.34) |
|
|
Time to pregnancy |
||||
|
<
1 month |
Ref |
- |
Ref |
- |
|
1-12
months |
-0.20
(-0.47-0.06) |
0.01
(-0.22-0.22) |
||
|
>
12 months |
-0.17
(-0.56-0.22) |
0.08
(-0.24-0.41) |
||
|
Previous miscarriages |
0.38
(0.10-0.65) |
- |
0.04
(-0.18-0.27) |
- |
|
Use of reproductive techniques |
-0.16
(-0.43-0.42) |
- |
0.10
(-0.27-0.46) |
- |
|
Chronic diseases |
0.17
(-0.13-0.46) |
- |
0.07
(-0.18-0.31) |
- |
|
Pregnancy-related characteristics |
||||
|
Unplanned pregnancy |
1.09
(0.66-1.51) |
- |
0.30
(-0.05-0.66) |
- |
|
Infection during pregnancy |
0.41
(0.18-0.64) |
- |
0.33
(0.14-0.52) |
0.22
(-0.02-0.46) |
|
Severe nausea |
0.98
(0.50-1.45) |
- |
0.68
(0.28-1.08) |
- |
|
Extreme fatigue |
2.04
(1.64-2.44) |
1.58
(1.10-2.07) |
1.03
(0.69-1.37) |
0.65
(0.22-1.07) |
|
Negative prenatal diagnostics |
-0.06
(-0.43-0.31) |
- |
-0.06
(-0.37-0.25) |
- |
|
Health behaviour during pregnancy |
||||
|
Smoking |
1.43
(0.72-2.14) |
- |
0.53
(-0.06-1.13) |
- |
|
Alcohol |
0.10
(-0.60-0.79) |
- |
0.62
(0.04-1.19) |
- |
|
High caffeine consumption |
-0.25
(-0.51-0.01) |
- |
0.09
(-0.13-0.30) |
- |
|
Physical exercise |
||||
|
≥
150 min/week |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
|
<
150 m/week |
0.32
(0.09-0.56) |
0.21
(-0.09-0.51) |
0.13
(-0.07-0.33) |
0.27
(0.02-0.52) |
|
No |
1.50
(1.09-1.91) |
1.60
(1.08-2.11) |
0.44
(0.11-0.78) |
0.49
(0.06-0.92) |
|
Psychosocial characteristics |
||||
|
Negative life event score |
||||
|
0 |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
|
≤
50 |
0.33
(-0.27-0.93) |
0.76
(0.13-1.40) |
1.16
(0.68-1.64) |
1.38
(0.86-1.91) |
|
>
50 |
0.76
(0.06-1.47) |
0.72
(-0.07-1.51) |
1.94
(1.37-2.51) |
1.78
(1.11-2.45) |
|
Use of medication for depression or
anxiety disorders |
1.01
(-0.55-2.57) |
- |
1.98
(0.65-3.31) |
- |
|
History of depression |
0.87
(0.60-1.13) |
0.60
(0.26-0.93) |
1.16
(0.94-1.38) |
1.08
(0.80-1.37) |
|
Family history of depression |
0.44
(0.18-0.70) |
- |
0.39
(0.17-0.60) |
- |
-Variable
eliminated from the multivariable model.