Table
4: Cross-sectional
models for the associations between
maternal characteristics and continuous scores on the HADS-depression (HADS-D)
and HADS-anxiety (HADS-A) subscales in early pregnancy.
|
Maternal characteristics |
HADS-D |
HADS-A |
||
|
Crude β |
Adjusted β |
Crude β |
Adjusted β |
|
|
Demographics |
||||
|
Maternal age (years) |
||||
|
≤ 30 |
Ref |
- |
Ref |
Ref |
|
30-34 |
0.04 (-0.17-0.24) |
-0.14 (-0.32-0.04) |
-0.07 (-0.33-0.18) |
|
|
≥ 35 |
0.16 (-0.16-0.49) |
-0.01 (-0.29-0.28) |
-0.50 (-0.92 - - 0.07) |
|
|
Level of education |
||||
|
High |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
- |
|
Intermediate |
0.53 (0.30-0.76) |
0.27 (-0.03-0.57) |
0.16 (-0.04-0.36) |
|
|
Low |
1.61 (0.99-2.24) |
1.10 (0.32-1.89) |
1.43 (0.88-1.98) |
|
|
Net household income < €2500/mo ( € /month) |
0.73 (0.45-1.01) |
- |
0.46 (0.21-0.71) |
- |
|
Non-Dutch |
0.74 (0.19-1.29) |
1.11 (0.38-1.83) |
0.39 (-0.10-0.88) |
- |
|
Not living together with partner |
1.25 (0.68-1.82) |
1.45 (0.71-2.18) |
1.24 (0.75-1.74) |
1.12 (0.35-1.89) |
|
Medical history |
||||
|
Multiparity |
0.56 (-0.10-1.23) |
- |
-0.07 (-1.33 - - 0.17) |
- |
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
||||
|
Normal weight |
Ref |
- |
Ref |
- |
|
Underweight |
0.56 (-0.02-1.14) |
0.07 (-0.44-0.57) |
||
|
Overweight/obese |
0.30 (0.06-0.53) |
0.16 (-0.05-0.37) |
||
|
Time to pregnancy |
||||
|
< 1 month |
Ref |
- |
Ref |
Ref |
|
1-12 months |
-0.14 (-0.36-0.07) |
-0.02 (-0.22-0.18) |
0.03 (-0.24-0.30) |
|
|
> 12 months |
-0.14 (-0.47-0.18) |
0.35 (0.06-0.65) |
0.57 (0.18-0.95) |
|
|
Previous miscarriages |
0.23 (-0.01-0.47) |
- |
0.33 (0.12-0.53) |
- |
|
Use of reproductive techniques |
-0.16 (-0.53-0.21) |
- |
0.31 (-0.02-0.63) |
- |
|
Chronic diseases |
0.21 (-0.04-0.46) |
- |
0.33 (0.11-0.54) |
- |
|
Pregnancy-related characteristics |
||||
|
Unplanned pregnancy |
1.29 (0.94-1.64) |
0.73 (0.21-1.25)* |
0.55 (0.24-0.87) |
- |
|
Infection during pregnancy |
0.29 (0.09-0.49) |
0.29 (0.04-0.55) |
0.22 (0.04-0.39) |
- |
|
Severe nausea |
1.34 (1.09-1.58) |
1.04 (0.75-1.33) |
0.25 (0.03-0.47) |
- |
|
Extreme fatigue |
1.21 (0.99-1.43) |
0.74 (0.48-1.00) |
0.50 (0.31-0.70) |
0.35 (0.11-0.58) |
|
Health behaviour during pregnancy |
||||
|
Smoking |
0.56 (0.15-0.96) |
- |
0.84 (0.48-1.19) |
- |
|
Alcohol |
-0.01 (-0.28-0.26) |
- |
0.13 (-0.10-0.37) |
- |
|
High caffeine consumption |
-0.37 (-0.59 - -0.14) |
- |
-0.04 (-0.24-0.15) |
- |
|
Physical exercise |
||||
|
≥ 150 min/week |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
|
< 150 m/week |
0.28 (0.08-0.48) |
0.18 (-0.08-0.44) |
0.10 (-0.08-0.27) |
0.11 (-0.14-0.35) |
|
No |
1.57 (1.20-1.95) |
1.33 (0.85-1.82) |
0.73 (0.40-1.06) |
0.66 (0.20-1.12) |
|
Psychosocial characteristics |
||||
|
Negative life event score |
||||
|
0 |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
Ref |
|
≤ 50 |
0.73 (0.03-1.44) |
0.97 (0.22-1.72) |
0.82 (0.20-1.44) |
0.44 (-0.28-1.16) |
|
> 50 |
1.37 (0.69-2.04) |
0.71 (-0.09-1.50) |
2.12 (1.53-2.70) |
1.49 (0.72-2.25) |
|
Use of medication for depression
or anxiety disorders |
2.14 (1.19-3.09) |
- |
1.42 (0.58-2.26) |
- |
|
History of depression |
0.77 (0.54-1.00) |
0.72 (0.43-1.02) |
1.06 (0.86-1.26) |
0.92 (0.64-1.21) |
|
Family history of depression |
0.48 (0.26-0.70) |
- |
0.68 (0.48-0.87) |
0.59 (0.32-0.86) |
-Variable
eliminated from the multivariable model; *Not adjusted for time to
pregnancy and use of reproductive techniques.