Table
3: Maternal
characteristics of women with and without depression or anxiety in late
pregnancy according to the scores on the HADS-depression (HADS-D) and
HADS-anxiety (HADS-A) subscales.
|
Maternal characteristics1 |
HADS-D - N = 1910 (%) |
HADS-D + N = 213 (%) |
HADS-A - N = 1781 (%) |
HADS-A + N = 295 (%) |
|
Demographics |
|
|
|
|
|
Maternal age (years) |
||||
|
≤
30 |
995
(52.1) |
103
(48.4) |
936
(52.6) |
150
(50.8) |
|
30-34 |
722
(37.8) |
80
(37.6) |
665
(37.3) |
112
(38.0) |
|
≥
35 |
193
(10.1) |
30
(14.1) |
180
(10.1) |
33
(11.2) |
|
Level of education |
||||
|
High |
1486
(77.8) |
126
(59.2) |
1372
(77.0) |
204
(69.2) |
|
Intermediate |
378
(19.9) |
77
(36.2) |
373
(20.9) |
73
(24.7) |
|
Low |
34
(1.8) |
6
(2.8) |
25
(1.4) |
13
(4.4) |
|
Net household income (€/month) |
||||
|
<
2500 |
251
(13.1) |
47
(22.1) |
232
(13.0) |
61
(20.7) |
|
≥
2500 |
1528
(80.0) |
147
(69.0) |
1424
(80.0) |
212
(71.9) |
|
Population group |
||||
|
Dutch |
1835
(96.1) |
203
(95.3) |
1709
(96.0) |
281
(95.3) |
|
Non-Dutch |
65
(3.4) |
6
(2.8) |
63
(3.5) |
9
(3.1) |
|
Living together with partner |
||||
|
Yes |
1720
(90.1) |
183
(85.9) |
1609
(90.3) |
252
(85.4) |
|
No |
58
(3.0) |
8
(3.8) |
45
(2.5) |
20
(6.8) |
|
Medical history |
|
|
|
|
|
Parity |
||||
|
Primiparity |
1111
(58.2) |
90
(42.3) |
1023
(57.4) |
157
(53.2) |
|
Multiparity |
799
(41.8) |
123
(57.7) |
758
(42.6) |
138
(46.8) |
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI |
||||
|
Normal
weight |
1318
(69.0) |
129
(60.6) |
1222
(68.6) |
189
(64.1) |
|
Underweight |
61
(3.2) |
5
(2.3) |
52
(2.9) |
11
(3.7) |
|
Overweight/obese |
401
(21.0) |
60
(28.2) |
386
(21.7) |
70
(23.7) |
|
Time to pregnancy2 |
||||
|
<
1 month |
494
(27.9) |
58
(31.5) |
476
(28.8) |
66
(25.2) |
|
1-12
months |
1041
(58.8) |
102
(55.4) |
959
(58.1) |
156
(59.5) |
|
>
12 months |
226
(12.8) |
23
(12.5) |
207
(12.5) |
38
(14.5) |
|
Previous miscarriages |
||||
|
Yes |
403
(21.1) |
59
(27.7) |
381
(21.4) |
64
(21.7) |
|
No |
1507
(78.9) |
154
(72.3) |
1400
(78.6) |
231
(78.3) |
|
Use of reproductive techniques |
||||
|
Natural
conception |
1757
(92.0) |
203
(95.3) |
1653
(92.8) |
265
(89.9) |
|
Yes |
144
(7.5) |
10
(4.7) |
122
(6.9) |
27
(9.2) |
|
Chronic diseases |
||||
|
Yes |
321
(16.8) |
43
(20.2) |
297
(16.7) |
55
(18.6) |
|
No |
1570
(82.2) |
163
(76.5) |
1464
(82.2) |
234
(79.3) |
|
Pregnancy-related characteristics |
||||
|
Unplanned pregnancy |
||||
|
Yes |
131
(6.9) |
29
(13.6) |
126
(7.1) |
30
(10.2) |
|
No |
1771
(92.7) |
184
(86.4) |
1650
(92.6) |
262
(88.8) |
|
Infection during pregnancy |
||||
|
Yes |
904
(47.3) |
123
(57.7) |
844
(47.4) |
152
(51.5) |
|
No |
911
(47.7) |
74
(34.7) |
849
(47.7) |
121
(41.0) |
|
Severe nausea |
||||
|
Yes |
104
(5.4) |
22
(10.3) |
94
(5.3) |
25
(8.5) |
|
No |
1775
(92.9) |
186
(87.3) |
1657
(93.0) |
265
(89.8) |
|
Extreme fatigue |
||||
|
Yes |
136
(7.1) |
49
(23.0) |
126
(7.1) |
53
(18.0) |
|
No |
1433
(75.0) |
127
(59.6) |
1341
(75.3) |
203
(68.8) |
|
Prenatal diagnostics |
||||
|
Negative
outcome |
200
(10.5) |
18
(8.5) |
177
(9.9) |
35
(11.9) |
|
Positive
outcome |
1710
(89.5) |
195
(91.5) |
1604
(90.1) |
260
(88.1) |
|
Health behaviour during pregnancy |
||||
|
Smoking |
||||
|
Yes |
40
(2.1) |
15
(7.0) |
43
(2.4) |
9
(3.1) |
|
No |
1852
(97.0) |
192
(90.1) |
1719
(96.5) |
280
(94.9) |
|
Alcohol |
||||
|
Yes |
49
(2.6) |
8
(3.8) |
42
(2.4) |
13
(4.4) |
|
No |
1845
(96.6) |
199
(93.4) |
1721
(96.6) |
277
(93.9) |
|
Caffeine consumption |
||||
|
Normal
(≤ 1400 mg) |
1355
(70.9) |
51
(23.9) |
451
(25.3) |
204
(69.2) |
|
High
(> 1400 mg) |
488
(25.5) |
148
(69.5) |
1266
(71.1) |
75
(25.4) |
|
Physical exercise |
||||
|
No |
154
(8.1) |
38
(17.8) |
155
(8.7) |
36
(12.2) |
|
<
150 m/week |
910
(47.6) |
102
(47.9) |
846
(47.5) |
149
(50.5) |
|
≥
150 min/week |
841
(44.0) |
73
(34.3) |
776
(43.6) |
110
(37.3) |
|
Psychosocial characteristics |
||||
|
Negative live event score |
||||
|
0 |
1346
(70.5) |
131
(61.5) |
1260
(70.7) |
180
(61.0) |
|
≤
50 |
409
(21.4) |
58
(27.2) |
380
(21.3) |
78
(26.4) |
|
>
50 |
155
(8.1) |
24
(11.3) |
141
(7.9) |
37
(12.5) |
|
Use of medication for depression or
anxiety disorders |
||||
|
Yes |
10
(0.5) |
1
(0.5) |
5
(0.3) |
5
(1.7) |
|
No |
1864
(97.6) |
201
(94.4) |
1743
(97.9) |
276
(93.6) |
|
History of depression |
||||
|
Yes |
411
(21.5) |
74
(34.7) |
348
(19.5) |
122
(41.4) |
|
No |
1491
(78.1) |
136
(63.8) |
1424
(80.0) |
171
(58.0) |
|
Family history of depression |
||||
|
Yes |
476
(24.9) |
64
(30.0) |
435
(24.4) |
93
(31.5) |
|
No |
1431
(74.9) |
147
(69.0) |
1343
(75.4) |
200
(67.8) |
1Numbers of women within the strata do
not add up to the total number of women for all variables due to missing
values; 2 Women with planned pregnancies only.