Table 2: Maternal
characteristics of women with and without depression or anxiety in early
pregnancy according to the scores on the HADS-depression (HADS-D) and
HADS-anxiety (HADS-A) subscales.
|
Maternal
characteristics1 |
HADS-D
- N
= 2454 (%) |
HADS-D
+ N
=140 (%) |
HADS-A
- N
= 2118 (%) |
HADS-A
+ N
= 463 (%) |
|
Demographics |
||||
|
Maternal
age (years) |
||||
|
≤ 30 |
1291 (52.6) |
71 (50.7) |
1102 (52.0) |
256 (55.3) |
|
30-34 |
903 (36.8) |
51 (36.4) |
789 (37.3) |
161 (34.8) |
|
≥ 35 |
260 (10.6) |
18 (12.9) |
227 (10.7) |
46 (9.9) |
|
Level
of education |
||||
|
High |
1829 (74.5) |
91 (65.0) |
1583 (74.7) |
320 (69.1) |
|
Intermediate |
561 (22.9) |
40 (28.6) |
487 (23.0) |
119 (25.7) |
|
Low |
54 (2.2) |
9 (6.4) |
38 (1.8) |
24 (5.2) |
|
Net
household income (€/month) |
||||
|
< 2500 |
322 (13.1) |
29 (20.7) |
282 (13.3) |
69 (14.9) |
|
≥ 2500 |
1741 (70.9) |
81 (57.9) |
1505 (71.1) |
312 (67.4) |
|
Population
group |
||||
|
Dutch |
2374 (96.7) |
132 (94.3) |
2050 (96.8) |
443 (95.7) |
|
Non-Dutch |
73 (3.0) |
81 |
60 (2.8) |
20 (4.3) |
|
Living
together with partner |
||||
|
Yes |
1996 (81.3) |
100 (71.4) |
1740 (82.2) |
350 (75.6) |
|
No |
65 (2.6) |
10 (7.1) |
50 (2.4) |
25 (5.4) |
|
Medical history |
||||
|
Parity |
||||
|
Primiparity |
1410 (57.5) |
67 (47.9) |
1191 (56.2) |
280 (60.5) |
|
Multiparity |
1043 (42.5) |
73 (52.1) |
926 (43.7) |
183 (39.5) |
|
Pre-pregnancy
BMI |
||||
|
Normal weight |
1670 (68.1) |
89 (63.6) |
1450 (68.5) |
302 (65.2) |
|
Underweight |
68 (2.8) |
6 (4.3) |
57 (2.7) |
18 (3.9) |
|
Overweight/obese |
539 (22.0) |
35 (25.0) |
467 (22.0) |
102 (22.0) |
|
Time
to pregnancy2 |
||||
|
< 1 month |
649 (28.6) |
34 (32.1) |
574 (29.3) |
115 (27.8) |
|
1-12 months |
1324 (58.3) |
59 (55.7) |
1133 (57.9) |
233 (56.4) |
|
> 12 months |
284 (12.5) |
10 (9.4) |
236 (12.1) |
63 (15.3) |
|
Previous
miscarriages |
||||
|
Yes |
525 (21.4) |
28 (20.0) |
431 (20.3) |
115 (24.8) |
|
No |
1929 (78.6) |
112 (80.0) |
1687 (79.7) |
348 (75.2) |
|
Use
of reproductive techniques |
||||
|
Natural conception |
2262 (92.2) |
134 (95.7) |
1969 (93.0) |
417 (90.1) |
|
Yes |
183 (7.5) |
6 (4.3) |
142 (6.7) |
44 (9.5) |
|
Chronic
diseases |
||||
|
Yes |
426 (17.4) |
28 (20.1) |
360 (17.0) |
91 (19.7) |
|
No |
2005 (81.7) |
109 (77.9) |
1739 (82.1) |
365 (78.8) |
|
Pregnancy-related
characteristics |
||||
|
Unplanned
pregnancy |
||||
|
Yes |
175 (7.1) |
34 (24.3) |
156 (7.4) |
48 (10.4) |
|
No |
2272 (92.6) |
106 (75.7) |
1957 (92.4) |
413 (89.2) |
|
Infection
during pregnancy |
||||
|
Yes |
1110 (45.2) |
67 (47.9) |
948 (44.8) |
223 (48.2) |
|
No |
1195 (48.7) |
65 (46.4) |
1046 (49.4) |
210 (45.4) |
|
Severe
nausea |
||||
|
Yes |
486 (19.8) |
52 (37.1) |
421 (19.9) |
111 (24.0) |
|
No |
1333 (54.3) |
56 (40.0) |
1145 (54.1) |
237 (51.2) |
|
Extreme
fatigue |
||||
|
Yes |
888 (36.2) |
77 (55.0) |
755 (35.6) |
205 (44.3) |
|
No |
931 (37.9) |
31 (22.1) |
815 (38.5) |
142 (30.7) |
|
Health
behaviour during pregnancy |
||||
|
Smoking |
||||
|
Yes |
136 (5.5) |
17 (12.1) |
111 (5.2) |
44 (9.5) |
|
No |
2316 (94.4) |
123 (87.9) |
2006 (94.7) |
418 (90.3) |
|
Alcohol |
||||
|
Yes |
366 (14.9) |
29 (20.7) |
314 (14.8) |
76 (16.4) |
|
No |
2083 (84.9) |
110 (78.6) |
1801 (85.0) |
384 (82.9) |
|
Caffeine
consumption |
||||
|
Normal (≤ 1400 mg) |
1814 (73.9) |
105 (76.0) |
1570 (74.1) |
343 (74.1) |
|
High (> 1400 mg) |
610 (24.9) |
33 (23.6) |
521 (24.6) |
116 (25.1) |
|
Physical
exercise |
||||
|
No |
167 (6.8) |
27 (19.3) |
144 (6.8) |
49 (10.6) |
|
< 150 m/week |
1038 (42.3) |
54 (38.6) |
884 (41.7) |
196 (42.3) |
|
≥ 150 min/week |
1247 (50.8) |
56 (40.0) |
1086 (51.3) |
217 (46.9) |
|
Psychosocial
characteristics |
||||
|
Negative
live event score |
||||
|
0 |
1894 (77.2) |
95 (67.9) |
1647 (77.8) |
331 (71.5) |
|
≤ 50 |
424 (17.3) |
32 (22.9) |
365 (17.2) |
91 (19.7) |
|
> 50 |
136 (5.5) |
13 (9.3) |
106 (5.0) |
41 (8.9) |
|
Use
of medication for depression or anxiety disorders |
||||
|
Yes |
20 (0.8) |
6 (4.3) |
15 (0.7) |
11 (2.4) |
|
No |
2268 (92.4) |
120 (85.7) |
1978 (93.4) |
397 (85.7) |
|
History
of depression |
||||
|
Yes |
552 (22.5) |
50 (35.7) |
426 (20.1) |
172 (37.1) |
|
No |
1893 (77.1) |
90 (64.3) |
1685 (79.6) |
289 (62.4) |
|
Family
history of depression |
||||
|
Yes |
610 (24.9) |
50 (35.7) |
485 (22.9) |
167 (36.1) |
|
No |
1843 (75.1) |
90 (64.3) |
1632 (77.1) |
296 (63.9) |
1Numbers
of women within the strata do not add up to the total number of women for all
variables due to missing values; 2 Women with planned pregnancies
only.