Table 3: Key aspects of Agriculture, social safety net and WASH studies with SBCC component.
| Study | Study Size | Methods/SBCC Approach Used | Evaluation Methods | Outcome Measured | Results/Findings |
| Agriculture | |||||
| Girard, et al. [10]; Kenya | 505 women | Social mobilization: Health clinics were linked with community-based maternal support groups to provide nutrition counseling and vouchers for Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) vine cuttings | Social mobilization: Health clinics were linked with community-based maternal support groups to provide nutrition counseling and vouchers for Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) vine cuttings | Nutrition knowledge, diets, and nutritional status of mothers | Pregnant and lactating women (PLW) significantly higher vitamin A intake; IG women greater consumption of vitamin A rich fruit and vegetable; 45% decrease in low retinol-binding protein (RBP) |
| Bezner Kerr, et al. [7]; Malawi | 3,838 children < 3 years | Group based approach: Agricultural interventions involved intercropping legumes and visits from farmer researchers, while nutrition education involved home visits and group meetings | A prospective quasi-experimental study | Weight- and height-for-age Z-scores | Significant increase in wt/age; positive results most pronounced in villages intensively involved in the intervention |
| Reinbott, et al. [8]; Cambodia | 743 at baseline and 921 at impact | Group based approach: Nutrition education (NE) program | Cluster randomized trial | Child's dietary diversity and height-for-age Z-scores | Intake of all food groups increased in intervention group(IG); comparison group (CG) decreased intake protein, vitamin A and animal source foods (ASF) foods; improved diet diversity in IG but not HAZ |
| Marquis, et al. [9]; Ghana | 179 women (IG) and 142 non-participants | Group based approach: Microcredit loans and weekly sessions of nutrition and entrepreneurship education for women with children 2-5 y of age [intervention group (IG)] | Quasi-experimental trial | Weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and body mass index-for-age (BAZ) z scores | 91% of household (HH) were food insecure, with CG HH higher food insecurity (lt 0.8); mean ASF score for preschoolers higher in IG vs. CG; modest increase in WAZ in IG; only 60% HH attended all 4 cycles of interventions |
| Osei, et al. [11]; Nepal | 335 children | Group based approach: Enhanced homestead food production program (EHFP), consisting of home gardens, poultry, and nutrition education | Cluster randomized study | Hemoglobin and anthropometry were measured at baseline and post- micronutrient powders (MNP) supplementation | No impact on child growth; combined agri and MNP group marginally significant decrease in anemia among children |
| Social Safety Net | |||||
| Nsabuwera, et al. [17]; Rwanda | 600 households enrolled in the FSLP | Advocacy: Health Food Security and Livelihoods Program (FSLP) | A before-and-after intervention | Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) scores and household Food Consumption Scores (FCS) | HH food access improved most in the poorest HH; HH food consumption increased significantly in larger landholdings HH |
| Robertson, et al. [14]; Zimbabwe | 1,199 for control, 1,525 to the UCT & 1,319 to the CCT group | Group based approach: Unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) and conditional cash transfers (CCTs) | Cluster randomized controlled trial | Vaccination uptake and school attendance | UCT children had increased % of birth certificates, deletion; UCT and CCT had higher probability of attending school at least 80% of the time compared to control group |
| Siega-Riz, et al. [15]; Honduras | Intervention, n = 160 and control, n = 140 | Group based approach: LNS. All children received food vouchers and nutrition education | Randomized controlled trial | Improving the micronutrient status | B12 and vitamin A deficiency decreased in IG group; folate increased significantly at 6 m and 12 m |
| Remans, et al. [12]; Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, & Uganda | N/A | Group based approach: Integrated, multi-sector intervention combines nutrition-specific, health-based approaches with food system- and livelihood-based interventions | A prospective observational trial | Childhood stunting | Household food security and diet diversity improved over a 3-year period; child stunting decreased by 43% from baseline |
| Lechtig, et al. [13]; Peru | 75,000 children and 35,000 mothers | Group based approach: Integrated intervention with education on nutrition and WASH through home visits and daily community meetings | Experimental prospective study with baseline and end line surveys to measure impact evaluation | Weight-and height-for-age & weight for height Z-scores, iron-deficiency anemia and vitamin A status | Stunting, anemia and vitamin A deficiency decreased during the intervention period |
| Singh, et al. [16]; India | 942 mother-child dyads | Social mobilization and interpersonal: Implementing districts of a Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) nutrition and health program | Quasi-experimental design | Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices | IG involving health care providers of anganwadi workers (AWWs) had increased contacts; socio-demographic factors were the main factors influencing BF |
| Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) | |||||
| Fenn, et al. [21]; Ethiopia | 5,552 in 2014 & 3,758 in 2009 | Group based approach: (i) Health; (ii) Nutrition education; (iii) Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); or (iv) Integrated comprising all interventions | Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at baseline (2004) and for impact evaluation (2009) | Height (or length) -for-age Z-scores | WASH IG only group to show significant increase in HAZ; IG significant improvement in mother’s knowledge of diarrhea and hygiene |
| Kariuki, et al. [22]; Kenya | Total of 300 mothers | Group based approach: Sanitation and hygiene promotion based on community participatory approaches | Repeated cross-sectional study design | Mothers’ and children’s health | Significant increases in handwashing, presence of soap and refuse pit ownership with intervention; significant decrease in diarrhea in preschoolers |
| Bowen, et al. [20]; Pakistan | 461 children | Advocacy, Interpersonal & mass communication: Weekly hand washing promotion | Cluster randomized controlled trial | Child growth and development | No difference in growth between IG or CG children; dev. Quotient sign higher in IG children at 5 to 7 y |
| Dangour, et al. [18]; 10 low- and middle-income countries | N = 4,627 for weight-for-age and height-for age- z-score, n = 4,622 weight-for-height z-score | Group based approach & mass communication:WASH interventions either singly or in combination | Systematic review | Child anthropometry | No significant effects of WASH interventions on WAZ or WHZ; marginal effect of WASH on HAZ |
| Arnold, et al. [19]; Guatemala | 600 households and 929 children | Group based and interpersonal: A 3-year, combined household water treatment and hand washing campaign | Cohort | Child growth | No difference between IG and CG in handwashing, hygienic conditions, child diarrhea, clinical LRI or growth |
| Luby, et al. [23];Bangla desh | 5,551 pregnant women | Group based approach: Nutrition and multimedia WASH education provided through home visits | Cluster randomized controlled trial | Length-for-age Z score of children born and caregiver-reported diarrhea among children < 3 years | Treatment children in groups, except water, had significantly lower prevalence of diarrhea. After 1 y of program, children in the nutrition group significantly taller than controls |