Mechanisms of action/clinical action

Evaluation

References

Anti-inflammatory action: Decreased M1G levels from 4.8 F 2.9 adducts per 107 nucleotides to 2.0 F 1.8 adducts per 107 nucleotides

Human Patients colorectal cancer

GARCEA, et al. [41]

Phase I dose escalation: Toxicity at 8,000 mg/d

Human Patients Breast cancer

BAYET-ROBERT, et al. [42]

Association with PLGA Nanoparticles:

Improve bioavailability, increased solubility, higher release rate in intestinal juice, enhanced absorption by improved permeability, inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux, and increased residence time in the intestinal cavity

Rats

XIE, et al. [43]

Association with of Liposomal Curcumin and its Metabolite Tetrahydrocurcumin: Two-hour infusion levels were higher than eight-hour, and would be preferable for liquid malignancies; however, eight-hour infusion would be preferable for solid tumors.

Healthy Beagle Dogs

HELSON, et al. [44]

Association with Liposomal Curcumin and its Metabolite Tetrahydrocurcumin: Facilitate distribution and elevated tissue concentrations of curcumin may inhibit or saturate a putative reductase enzyme converting curcumin to THC

Healthy Beagle Dogs

MATABUDULm et al. [45]

Ameliorates Nephrotoxicity: Decrease levels of serum creatinine and urea, renal malondialdehyde, NO, tumor necrosis factor-α with a concurrent increase in renal glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities.

Reduced cyclooxygenase-2 expression

Methotrxate-induced Nephrotoxicity Rats

MORSY, et al. [46]

Ameliorates Nephrotoxicity: Decrease serum concentrations TNF-alpha, renal TNF-alpha, and decreased MCP-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression in kidney

Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity Mice

SANDUR, et al. [47]

Ameliorative Effect via Modulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Cell Death

MENG, et al. [48]

Apoptosis: Pathway PARP-, cleavage

Pre-B Acute

Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell

Lines

MISHRA ,et al. [31]

Apoptosis and Renoprotective effects: Inhibiting oxidative stress through regulation of the AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, ameliorated RM-associated renal injury

Rhabdomyolysis-induced rats

WU, et al. [49]