Author (Date)

Sample size

(% Male)

Study design

Nutritional measure

Group definition (number of patients)

Age

(mean ± SD)

Malnutrition prevalence

Result

Conclusion

1

Alikiaii B, et al. (2021) [10]

73 (63%)

Cross-sectional

NRS-2002 in ICU setting

Score = 3 (12)

45 ± 16.2

30 (41.1%)

NRS correlated with albumin (g/dl): (3.2 ± 0.5; r = -2.3, p = 0.050)

Daily calorie intake (kcal): 1992.7 ± 378.8; r = -0.352, p = 0.002

MAC (NS)

NRS correlated with:

serum albumin

Score = 4 (31)

55.8 ± 16.8

Score ≥ 5 (30)

67.7 ± 17.9

2

Allard L, et al. (2020) [19]

108 (59.3%)

Retrospective observation

-BMI, weight loss

No malnutrition (66)

62.7 ± 14.9

42 (38.9%)

CRP, ferritin, fibrinogen, Il-6, LDH, and Procalcitonin means did not show significant difference between groups

Regrouped by NRI:

were higher than those who were not at risk of malnutrition.

CRP (mg/L): 90 ± 90 vs. 17 ± 24, p < 0.01

fibrinogen (g/L): 5.5 ± 1.5 vs. 3.8 ± 1.4, p < 0.01

procalcitonin (ng/ml): 0.9 ± 3.3 vs. 0.1 ± 0.1, p < 0.01

No association

Malnutrition (42)

66.1 ± 15.3

3

Bedock D, et al. (2020) [18]

114 (60.5%)

Longitudinal Observation

GLIM criteria:

-BMI, weight loss, decreased dietary intake

No malnutrition (66)

58.4 ± 15.2

48 (42.1%)

Peripheral lymphocyte count (10⁹/L) was higher in malnourished patients (1.45 ± 0.62; p = 0.04)

BMI was lower in severe malnutrition than moderate malnutrition and no malnutrition groups:

(23.3 ± 5.3 vs. (26.3 ± 4.1) and (27.9 ± 4.9), p < 0.01

Malnutrition detected by anthropometric measures associated with peripheral lymphocyte count

Moderate malnutrition (27)

61.1 ± 16.6

Sever malnutrition (21)

63.0 ± 17.1

4

Cui N, et al. (2021) [21]

408 (51.5%)

Retrospective observational

Prealbumin (nl.150-400 mg/L

Normal level (183)

Low level (225)

63.2 ± 12.3

225 (55.1%)

Low prealbumin group had stronger Inflammatory response median (IQR):

CRP (mg/L): [56.2 (26.9-89.0) vs. 4.83 (1.41-16.2); p < 0.001]

IL-6 (pg/ml): 7.37 (4.04-17.0) vs. 4.49 (3.17-7.04); p < 0.014

Procalcitonin (ng/ml): 0.10 (0.06-0.21) vs. 0.06 (0.04-0.09); p < 0.001

Lymphocyte count (10⁹/L): [0.83 (0.58-1.08) vs. 1.28 (0.92-1.62); p < 0.001]

higher mean NRS score: 3.27 6 ± 0.86 vs. 3.66 ± 61.08; p < 0.001

lower serum albumin (g/L): ([29.5 (26.0-32.7) vs. 32.3 (29.5-35.6); p < 0.001]

Prealbumin associated with NRS and inflammatory markers

5

Czapla M, et al. (2021) [11]

286 (67.8%)

Retrospective observation

NRS-2002- in ICU setting

Score < 3 (28)

57.3 ± 13.2

258 (90.2%)

Study groups did not show difference in albumin, BMI, CRP, Procalcitonin, and peripheral lymphocyte percentage means

No association

Score ≥ 3 (258)

60.8 ± 13.2

6

Del Giorno R, et al. (2020) [9]

90 (67.8%)

Retrospective observation

NRS-2002

BIA

NRS-2002: At nutritional risk (83)

64.5 ± 13.7

83 (92.2%)

NRS significantly associated with loss of appetite (OR = 3.07 (1.65-5.68); p < 0.001)

Not reported

7

Ekinci I, et al. (2021) [20]

282 (52.1%)

Retrospective cross-section

PNI

Score ≥ 45 (159)

53.5 ± 15

123 (43.6%)

High score group showed higher levels of the followings:

CRP (mg/L) 73.1 ± 64.16 vs. 43.83 ± 53.95; p < 0.001

Procalcitonin (mg/ml): .31 ± 0.97 vs. 0.12 ± 0.46; p < 0.001

D-dimer(mg/L): 2.13 ± 5.11 vs. 1.22 ± 4.04; p < 0.001

Fibrinogen (mg/dL): 458.31 ± 165.79 vs. 409.49 ± 123.19, p = 0.016

Ferritin (mg/mL): 596.3 ± 1321.27 vs. 305.24 ± 313.43, p < 0.001.

Score < 45 (123)

60.2 ± 15

8

Kosovali BD, et al. (2021) [13]

690 (54.9%)

Retrospective observation

PNI- in ICU setting

Score ≥ 43 (208)

67.9 ± 15.1

482 (69.9%)

Median (min-Max) of following markers were significantly different between those with lower vs higher PNI score

AST(U/L): [50 (4-11824) vs. 39.5 (3-321); p < 0.001]

CRP (g/L): [0.139 (0.001-0.621) vs. 0.091 (0.077-0.764); p < 0.001]

D-dimer(mg/L): [2 (0.3-80) vs. 1.18 (0.2-47); p < 0.001]

Ferritin(µg/L): [683.5 (22-126386) vs. 295.5 (8-4837); p < 0.001]

fibrinogen level (g/L) was higher in those with lower PNI: 5.16 (0.5-9); p = 0.028

IL-6 (pg /ml): [65.9 (2-1000) vs. 49.2 (3.93-1688); p < 0.001]

Procalcitonin (µg/L): [0.27 (0.03-511.41) vs. 0.11 (0.005-57.19); p < 0.001]

BMI (NS)

No association

Score ≤ 42 (482)

69.8 ± 13.4

9

Kupeli I, et al. (2020) [16]

20 (65%)

Case series

NRS-2002- in ICU setting

NRS score < 5 (3)

75.5 ± 8.7

17 (85.0%)

All patients had low albumin (g/L) (29.7 ± 5.3)

Not reported

NRS score ≥ 5 (17)

10

Li T, et al. (2020) [5]

182 (35.7%)

Cross-sectional

MNA

Group 1: score ≥ 24 (36)

68.1 ± 8.1

96 (52.7%)

Nutritional status by anthropometric measures associated with lymphocyte count level: (X2: 11.237, p < 0.001)

Albumin level: [OR = 2.98(CI: 243-5.19); p = 0.005],

X² = 10.217, p < 0.001

BMI: (21.1 ± 3.6) vs. (25.6 ± 3.0) , p = 0.035

Associated with lymphocyte count and serum albumin

Group 2: score 17-23.5 (50)

69.5 ± 7.3

Group 3: score < 17 (96)

69.8 ± 8.2

11

Liu A, et al. (2021) [17]

760 (50%)

Cross-sectional

NRS-2002

NRS score < 3 (132)

49 (38,70)

628 (82.6%)

Those with higher score had lower BMI:

24.3 ± 2 vs. 23.5 ± 2; p = 0.029

NRS score correlated with:

Serum albumin(g/L): OR = [3.61(CI: 2.23-5.84); p < 0.001]

Prealbumin (mg/L): OR = [2.88 (CI: 1.04-8.00); P = 0.042]

NRS-2002 associated with serum albumin and prealbumin

NRS score ≥ 3 (628)

64 (56, 71)

12

Liu G, et al. (2020) [12]

141 (48.2%)

Retrospective cohort

NRS-2002

MUST, MNA, NRI

Normal (21)

70.5 ± 4.6

120 (85.1%)

NRS significantly agreed with NRI (k = 0.491 (0.328-0.653); p < 0.001) and other anthropometric nutritional measures (MUST: p < 0.001; MNA-sf: p < 0.001)

NRI score associated with

Albumin (g/L): (33.8 ± 2.9 vs 39.8 ± 2.4; p < 0.001)

Loss of appetite frequency (p < 0.022)

BMI (NS)

NRS-2002 associated with albumin

Nutritional risk (120)

71.9 ± 6.0

13

Liu H, et al. (2021) [8]

47 (48.9%)

prospective observation

SGA

Normal (21)

63.4 ± 2.9

8 (17%)

Malnutrition associated with:

BMI (17.7 ± 1.3; p < 0.001).

serum albumin g/L (31.9 ± 2.2 vs. 36.6 ± 1.0; p = 0.019)

serum IL-6 (/ml): 30.7 ± 7.1 vs. 9.8 ± 3.4, p = 0.016

Low lymphocyte count (10⁹/L): (0.7 ± 0.2; p = 0.025)

peripheral blood CD8+ %: 15.9 ± 2.9 vs. 23.2 ± 1.5, p = 0.027

CRP (NS)

SGA associated with albumin, IL-6, lymphocyte count

risk of malnutrition (18)

65.4 ± 3.1

Malnourished (8)

67.6 ± 5.9

14

Nicolau J, et al. (2021) [2]

75 (54.7%)

Cross-sectional

SGA

Normal (48)

49 ± 15.1

27 (36.0%)

Malnourished group showed more severe inflammatory response:

D-dimer (ng/ml): 1516.9 ± 1466.9 vs. 461.1 ± 353. 7; p < 0.0001

Ferritin (µg/l): 847.8 ± 741.1 vs. 617.8 ± 598.7; p = 0.03

CRP (mg/l): 127.8 ± 115.6 vs. 59.2 ± 63.8; p = 0.04

Procalcitonin (ng/ml): 1.5 ± 1.1 vs. 0.8 ± 0.2; p = 0.005

serum albumin (g/dl): 3.2 ± .7 vs. 4.1 ±. 5; p = 0.0001

Lymphocyte count and Fibrinogen (NS)

BMI (NS)

SGA associated with inflammatory markers: CRP, ferritin, procalcitonin, serum albumin, D-dimer

Malnourished (27)

65 ± 14.1

15

Wang R, et al. (2020) [3]

450 (45.8%)

Prospective observation

PNI

Survivors

55 (38-67)

PNI score showed significant correlation with mortality

Non-survivors

71 (63-78)

16

ZhouJ, et al. (2020) [6]

429 (49.4%)

Retrospective observational study

CONUT

Score: 0-4 (147)

Score: 5-12 (282)

> 61:

41 (27.9%)

166 (58.9%)

282 (65.7%)

No correlation with Lymphocyte count, CRP, Procalcitonin, BMI, serum albumin, or LDH

No association