Visited a dentist (yes/no)

Number of visits to dentist

Probit (dydx)

IVprobit-second stage (dydx)

OLS (dydx)

IV-second stage (dydx)

Dental Insurance

0.210^***

0.402^***

2.445^***

4.685^***

(0.021)

(0.011)

(0.046)

(0.025)

age

0.023^*

0.407^***

0.022^**

0.017^***

(0.017)

(0.003)

(0.002)

(0.001)

Household wealth index (base = poorest)

 Poorer

0.154

-0.023

0.015

0.007

(0.052)

(0.008)

(0.018)

(0.002)

 middle

0.254

-0.041

0.026

0.013

(0.574)

(0.085)

(0.058)

(0.030)

 Richer

0.437

0.075^*

0.048

0.027

(0.056)

(0.035)

(0.061)

(0.032)

 Richest

0.20^***

0.251^***

0.119^***

0.081^***

(0.021)

(0.013)

(0.008)

(0.012)

Education level (Base = no education)

 Primary

0.511

0.113

0.072

0.041

(0.071)

(0.009)

(0.007)

(0.003)

 Secondary or higher

0.355

0.380^**

0.189^**

0.791^***

(0.371)

(0.009)

(0.060)

(0.011)

Health indicator

Body mass index

0.035

0.380^***

0.189

0.191

(0.045)

(0.159)

(0.763)

(0.101)

Married

0.192

0.036

0.019

0.017

(0.067)

(0.010)

(0.005)

(0.044)

Urban residence

0.038^***

0.052^***

0.155^***

-0.276^***

(0.034)

(0.006)

(0.004)

(0.010)

Constant

0.133^***

-0.024^***

0.042^***

0.045^***

(0.037)

(0.005)

(0.012)

(0.002)

Observations

13,883

13,883

13,883

13,883