Table 1: Characteristics of primary care patients with a pain condition, age 18 years and over without a history of cancer or HIV, overall and by neighborhood SES (n = 11,553).
| Variable, n (%) | Overall (n = 11,553) | Lowest SES (n = 3,243) | Low-Middle SES (n = 2,748) | Upper-Middle SES (n = 2,867) | Highest SES (n = 2,695) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain treatment | ||||||
| PT referral | 3620 (31.3) | 1060 (32.7) | 856 (31.2) | 881 (30.7) | 823 (30.5) | 0.253 |
| Opioid rx | 2136 (18.5) | 715 (22.1) | 514 (18.7) | 512 (17.9) | 395 (14.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Non-opioid rx | 5617 (48.6) | 1745 (53.8) | 1367 (49.7) | 1343 (46.8) | 1162 (43.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Race: White | 6587 (57.0) | 756 (23.3) | 1543 (56.2) | 2037 (71.1) | 2251 (83.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Age, mean(sd) | 52.5 (16.3) | 55.1 (16.0) | 51.8 (16.3) | 51.6 (16.1) | 51.1 (16.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Gender: Female | 7418 (64.2) | 2157 (66.5) | 1748 (63.6) | 1876 (65.4) | 1637 (60.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Marital Status: Married | 5112 (44.3) | 940 (29.0) | 1043 (37.9) | 1434 (50.0) | 1695 (62.9) | < 0.0001 |
| High clinic utilization | 4697 (40.7) | 1523 (47.0) | 1127 (41.0) | 1159 (40.4) | 888 (32.9) | |
| Smoking Status | < 0.0001 | |||||
| Never | 6461 (55.9) | 1595 (49.2) | 1439 (52.4) | 1664 (58.0) | 1763 (65.4) | |
| Former | 2350 (20.3) | 679 (20.9) | 558 (20.3) | 616 (21.5) | 497 (18.4) | |
| Current | 2742 (23.7) | 969 (29.9) | 751 (27.3) | 587 (20.5) | 435 (16.1) | |
| Substance abuse/dependence | 471 (4.1) | 169 (5.2) | 125 (4.6) | 97 (3.4) | 80 (3.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Depression | 1630 (14.1) | 437 (13.5) | 409 (14.9) | 440 (15.4) | 344 (12.8) | 0.018 |
| Any anxiety | 1164 (10.1) | 227 (7.0) | 254 (9.2) | 353 (12.3) | 330 (12.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Obese | 6106 (52.8) | 1989 (61.3) | 1458 (53.1) | 1481 (51.7) | 1178 (43.7) | < 0.0001 |
| ≥ 2 pain conditions | 5258 (45.5) | 1538 (47.4) | 1261 (45.9) | 1280 (44.7) | 1179 (43.7) | 0.027 |
| Comorbidity Index, mean(sd) | 1.0 (1.7) | 1.4 (2.0) | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.9 (1.6) | 0.7 (1.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Opioid history (self-report) | 1745 (15.1) | 584 (18.0) | 428 (15.6) | 418 (14.6) | 315 (11.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Non-opioid history (self-report) | 4667 (40.4) | 1363 (42.0) | 1116 (40.6) | 1196 (41.7) | 992 (36.8) | < 0.0001 |