Table 1: Clinical findings of the effectiveness of aminoguanidine and alagebrium on AGE-RAGE axis.
| Therapeutic drug | Experimental design | Patient characteristics and treatment groups | Treatment duration | Major findings | Reference |
| Aminoguanidine | Double-blind RCT | T2DM, proteinuria (n = 599) • Placebo (n = 194) • 50-300 mg aminoguanidine (n = 207) • 100-600 mg aminoguanidine (n = 198) |
Planned to be 2 years | • Terminated early due to low benefit-to-risk ratio of the drug. | [47] |
| Aminoguanidine | Double-blind RCT | T1DM, nephropathy, retinopathy (n = 690) • Placebo (n = 236) • 150 mg aminoguanidine (n = 229) • 300 mg aminoguanidine (n = 225) |
2 to 4 years | • No significant difference between groups in the progress of serum creatinine doubling. • Aminoguanidine slowed down decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate and reduced total urinary proteinuria compared to placebo. |
[46] |
| Alagebrium | Single-arm study | Elderly, diastolic heart failure (n = 23) • 420 mg alagebrium |
16 weeks | • Alagebrium reduced left ventricle mass and improved diastolic filling without changing blood pressure, peak exercise oxygen consumption and aortic distensibility. | [55] |
| Alagebrium | Single-arm study | Systolic hypertension (n = 13) • 420 mg alagebrium |
8 weeks | • Alagebrium improved arterial stiffness and endothelial function. | [56] |
| Alagebrium | Double-blind RCT | Hypertension, vascular stiffening (n = 93) • Placebo (n = 31) • 210 mg alagebrium (n = 62) |
56 days | • Alagebrium reduced pulse pressure and improved arterial compliance compared to placebo. | [50] |
| Alagebrium | Double-blind RCT | Heart failure (n = 102) • Placebo (n = 52) • 400 mg alagebrium (n = 50) |
36 weeks | • Alagebrium did not result in beneficial effect in exercise tolerance, diastolic function, systolic function and AGE accumulation. | [52] |
| Alagebrium | Factorial design, RCT | Physically inactive, elderly (n = 48) • Placebo and exercise (n = 12) • Placebo without exercise (n = 12) • 200 mg alagebrium and exercise (n = 12) • 200 mg alagebrium without exercise (n = 12) |
1 year | • Alagebrium did not improve vascular function and arterial stiffness. | [53] |
| Alagebrium | Factorial design, RCT | Physically inactive, elderly (n = 62) • Placebo and exercise • Placebo without exercise • 200 mg alagebrium and exercise • 200 mg alagebrium without exercise |
1 year | • Alagebrium alone improved left ventricle stiffness but did not affect left ventricle mass and end-diastolic volume. | [51] |
| Alagebrium | Factorial design, RCT | Physically inactive, elderly (n = 62) • Placebo and exercise • Placebo without exercise • 200 mg alagebrium and exercise • 200 mg alagebrium without exercise |
1 year | • Alagebrium alone or in combination with exercise did not improve left ventricular function, stroke index and effective arterial elastance. | [54] |
AGE: Advanced Glycation End Product; RCT: Randomised Controlled Trial; T1DM: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.