Chromatography and Spectroscopy Techniques Scattering and Absorption Coefficients of Biological Chlorophyll Pigmented Grains in Aqueous Suspension

Chlorophyll pigmented grains were extracted from leaves of palm trees and maintained in aqueous solutions containing an organic solvent. Their transmittance spectra were measured for visible wavelengths, from 400 to 700 nm. Four dissolutions were prepared to consider different pigment concentrations. The transmittance measurements show a somewhat spectrally structured band between 474 and 650 nm, limited by the light extinction (scattering + absorption) due to the pigments. A direct inversion of the transmittance spectra allows to obtain the extinction coefficient per unit length of the four samples considered. The spectral behavior of this set of coefficients suggest the validity of the independent scattering regime through long wavelengths and for the four concentrations being analyzed, not so at short wavelengths for the sample with the highest concentration. A spectral acceptance-probability-controlled simulated annealing method is used to invert the transmittance spectra, obtaining so the effective scattering and absorption coefficients per unit length characterizing the chlorophyll pigmented samples. In this way, the contributions of scattering and absorption to the extinction are spectrally decoupled.


Introduction
Characterization of biological tissues in terms of how much they scatter and absorb electromagnetic radiation has been an issue of great relevance for many decades. In the case of human tissues, the knowledge of the spectral variation of their scattering and absorption coefficients has served as the basis for the development of medical technologies and therapies [1][2][3], with a similar situation in the veterinary field [4]. Regarding tissues for plants, those located in their leaves and participating in the photosynthesis process are of primary relevance [5]. Many theoretical approaches have been devised to describe the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through biological tissues, including those based on Monte Carlo simulations [6] and radiative transfer models [7,8].
There are certain biological tissues from which some of their components have been obtained since long time to be analyzed due to the key role they have in the photosynthesis process [9]. We are referring to chloroplasts and to the interconnected light absorbing thylakoid grains that they contain. In this work, we are interested in obtaining the scattering and absorption coefficients of chlorophyll pigmented grains in suspension. The samples have been obtained from leaves of palm trees following a standardized extraction process based on the use of an organic solvent. Visible relative transmittance spectra [T rl (λ) with λ as the wavelength of the inci-dent light] are obtained using a standard spectrophotometer. From these measurements, a direct inversion based on Lambert law [10] allows to obtain the attenuation or extinction coefficient μ ext = μ ext (λ) from inversion of T rl (λ) = exp (-μ ext b) with b as the distance travelled by the light through the pigmented medium. If the pigments are in molecular form, this coefficient becomes the absorption coefficient (μ ext = μ abs ), the sample does not scatter light. If some of the pigments have conserved, after the extraction process, their granular form with submicron sized dimensions, the extinction coefficient is the sum of scattering plus absorption (μ ext = μ sca + μ abs ). In this regime of extinction, if the scattering units act independently, the extinction coefficient is proportional to ered in the standard spectrophotometers used by chemist and microbiologists (a quartz cuvette containing the medium under study, and normally illuminated with non-polarized light) is summarized in Section 4. This formalism accounts for the reflection and refraction of the light at the interfaces of the system. We refer in this section to the simulated annealing method applied to invert the measured transmittance spectra with the aim of obtaining the scattering and absorption coefficients per unit length of the samples. A pseudocode of the simulated annealing approach we use is in the Appendix B. The results of the inversion are reported and interpreted in Section 5. The method reported here can also be easily applied, both from experimental and computational points of view, to characterize by means of spectrophotometric measurements the interaction between biological tissues and external agents like venoms and antivenoms [16].

Sample Preparation and Transmittance Measurements
Several fresh palm leaves were cut to obtain from them small pieces that were then crushed in a mortar, to add water containing an organic solvent [17]. The function of this solvent is to penetrate the membrane of the cells, to dissolve the lipids, as well as the lipoproteins of the double membranes of the micron-sized chloroplasts, releasing in this way the submicron-sized thylakoids that contain the chlorophyll molecules in its lumen, together with some of their stroma lamellae connections [18]. The thylakoids consist of certain number of flattened vesicles which form several grana, as sketched in (Figure 1) [19]. The prepared composite was filtered to obtain a green aqueous solution at the highest pigment concentration achieved, F. The whole process was carried out at room temperature. From this sample, by dissolution with added water, three other samples were prepared, with corresponding nominal volume fractions close to F/2, F/4, and F/8. The extraction process was carried out in its basic approach, with no application of ultrasound or sonication tion, i.e. μ ext = f (C sca + C abs )/V = f·C ext /V where C sca /V, C abs /V, and C ext /V are the average volume scattering, absorption, and extinction cross sections of an individual pigmented particle, respectively, with V as its volume. This is the range of validity of Beer law [11], T rl (λ) = exp [-f ·(C ext /V)·b] which is more frequently applied in those cases of non-scattering samples: T rl (λ) = exp[-f·(C abs /V)·b]. These laws are referred in the literature as Beer-Lambert-Bouguer (BLB) law due to the previous work also carried out by the French scientist M. Bouguer in 1729 [12].
For non-scattering media, within the range of validity of the Beer law applied to absorbing molecules in suspension [13], the absorbance is usually written as A = μ ext ·b = a·b·c where c is the concentration of the absorbing units, usually expressed in moles per unit volume, and a is referred as the molar absorptivity given in units of area per mol. The relation between absorptivity and molecular absorption cross section is given by C abs = a/N a with N a as Avogadro's number. The relation between molar concentration and volume fraction becomes c = fρ/M where ρ is the mass density of the molecules and M is its molecular weight. When this law is applied to light scattering and absorbing colloidal or submicron sized pigmented particles in a (liquid or polymeric) matrix, a is given in units of area per number of particles, and c is the number of particles per unit volume. As consequence C ext = a and c = fρ/M with ρ as the average mass density of a particle whose mass is M. In these cases, it is not appropriate to denote a as an absorptivity and A as an absorbance because both have contributions from scattering and absorption [14,15].
In this work, four samples of submicron sized chlorophyll pigmented grains in a liquid matrix are considered. The method to prepare the samples is briefly described in Section 2, as well as the optical transmittance measurements carried out. Section 3 contains the direct inversion approach followed to obtain the extinction coefficient per unit length of the four samples. The formalism required to evaluate reflectance and transmittance spectra of the optical system usually consid- how much the pigments had degraded. The results indicate high stability of the pigments under ambient conditions. Measured transmittance spectra shown in (Figure 2) have been normalized respect to a reference transmittance spectrum, T rf (λ), of the fused quartz cuvette containing a sample with the non-pigmented transparent solvent.
In this way, the effect of light reflection and refraction at the boundaries of air-fused quartz and fused quartz-solvent is minimized. The almost null transmission of light when approaching the 400 nm for the two samples with the highest concentrations suggests that extinction has a significant contribution from scattering at short wavelengths. This amount of scattering would require of submicron-sized scattering units, being the presence of grana formed by thylakoids the more plausible explanation, as we have assumed in the sketch of ( Figure 1b).

Direct Inversion of the Transmittance Spectra: Extinction Coefficients
The reported measurements of absorbance by chlorophyll to improve the extraction [20]. Our goal is to keep open the possibility of partial degradation of the quasi-cylindrical grana formed by thylakoids. Due to the sizes of these grana, with about 300 nm in diameter and 200-600 nm in height [18], those that retain their structures must contribute to light scattering in addition to absorption. Once prepared the four samples, their relative transmittance spectra were measured by using a standard UV-Visible Shimadzu spectrophotometer. (Figure 2) displays the set of measurements carried out when considering samples with increasing concentration of chlorophyll pigmented grains. The cuvette was normally illuminated with non-polarized light. The expected trend is observed: The larger the pigment concentration, the lower the transmittance is at each spectral point, and more accentuated is the green hue of the solution as shown in the Color Calculation Appendix A. The uncertainty of these transmittance measurements is between 2%, in the spectral regions of large extinction, and less than 0.05% where the extinction is small [21]. First, a set of measurements was carried out half an hour after extraction of the pigments from the leaves. Two and a half hours later, the measurements were repeated to see and 651 nm (two peaks with lower heights), and the lowest peak at 603 nm. In plants, the content of chlorophyll a is significantly larger than that of chlorophyll b. The absorbance peaks spectrally close to 669 and 651 nm have been used as reference to quantify the concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in specific samples [23]. When absorbance measurements by chlorophyll pigments in an organic solvent are pigments immersed in a proteinaceous medium show several absorption peaks [22]. Those peaks attributed to chlorophyll a pigments are located at 440 nm (the largest one), at 418 and 669 nm (two peaks with rather similar lower heights), and at 585 and 623 nm (two peaks with the lowest heights). The absorption peaks correlated with presence of chlorophyll b are spectrally located at 463 nm (the largest one), 439  lengths. The spectral behavior of the extinction coefficients obtained from our transmittance measurements shows peaks through long wavelengths at 662, 615, and 581 nm which can correspond to the peaks located at 669, 623, and 585 nm for samples containing chlorophyll a pigments in a proteinaceous medium. As aforementioned, a similar correlation between peaks is more difficult to carry out at short wavelengths probably due to the more significant contribution of the scattering by the chlorophyll pigmented particles to extinction.

Formalism to Evaluate Reflectance and Transmittance Spectra
We are going to consider samples with light scattering and absorbing chlorophyll pigmented grains in suspension. Our aim is to decouple the contribution of scattering and of absorption to the extinction. This cannot be done within the context of the standard application of BLB law which allows to obtain only the extinction coefficient from inversion of transmittance or absorbance measurements. To carry out this task, we will apply the formalism devised by Vargas, Wang, and Niklasson who consider the directional propagation of collimated components through light scattering and absorbing media, perpendicularly illuminated with non-polarized radiation [25]. The decay of the light intensities and corresponding fluxes of forward (F Ic ) and backward (F Jc ) radiation is according to Lambert law, with inclusion of reflection and refraction at the different interfaces between the involved media. ( Figure  5) shows the scheme of the optical system to be considered: media 1 and 5 are air or vacuum, media 2 and 4 are the thick walls of the fused quartz cuvette containing the active medium. Medium 3 consists of a predominantly aqueous solution where the chlorophyll pigmented grains have been dissolved. carried out, their absorption peaks show blue shifts λ ∆ typically between 1 and 10 nm, depending on the specific organic solvent used.
For the pigmented samples, the intensity of the propagating radiation exponentially decays with the distance travelled through both sides of the cuvette (b = 1.0 cm), i.e. the intensity obeys BLB law [24]. As consequence, T rl = exp(-μ ext b) with μ ext as the extinction coefficient per unit length of the pigmented medium as indicated before. From each transmittance spectrum, the corresponding extinction coefficient per unit length, μ ext (λ) = -ln [T rl (λ)]/b with λ as the wavelength of the incident radiation, has been obtained and displayed in (Figure 3). Three of the attenuation peaks correlated with the presence of chlorophyll a are well identified at spectral positions 581, 615 and 662 nm (see the black arrows in the figure). The expected peak at short wavelengths is not well resolved probably due to superposition with significant scattering. At the right side of the figure, the values of the extinction coefficients at the spectral position of the peak at long wavelengths, 662 nm, have been indicated. This absorption peak has been attributed to the chlorophyll a pigment [22]. As indicated more clearly by the heights of the peaks, they are linearly proportional to the volume fraction occupied by the pigments in the corresponding solution. This means that the independent extinction approximation is valid at long wavelengths, i.e. the scattering and absorption of light by any of the pigments is not influenced by those pigments in its neighborhood. Clearly, this linear proportionality does not hold at short wavelengths, as shown in (Figure 4) where a linear relationship is shown at one of the long wavelengths, while a saturation is manifested in extinction at one of the short wave- surements, for the typical values of the fused quartz and water refractive indices through visible wavelengths. In the denominator, the term r 32 R 34 ·exp(-2τ 3 ) is even slightly lower. Consequently, it has been a good approximation to work with the equation T rl = exp(-τ 3 ) to make a direct inversion of the extinction coefficient, which is in fact Lambert law.
In principle, the light scattering chlorophyll pigmented particle solutions would have an effective refractive index somewhat different to that of the non-pigmented aqueous solution, and that refractive index should enter in the Fresnel formulae to evaluate the reflection coefficients. This method has given better results as compared with evaluations based on the use of the refractive index of the aqueous medium with no light scattering particles [28]. The largest differences between these two ways of evaluation and corresponding optical measurements are displayed for angles of incidence approaching the critical angle [29]. The differences decrease as the size of the scattering units and volume fraction also decreases, and as the angle of incidence tends to zero, which is the illumination condition we are using. We will use the refractive index and extinction coefficient of water (n 3 and k 3 respectively) to calculate those reflection coefficients where the 2/3 and 3/4 interfaces are involved, with values taken from the literature [30,31]. The refractive index of fused quartz is evaluated from the Sellmeier dispersion formula: with A 1 = 0.6961663, A 2 = 0.4079426, A 3 = 0.8974794, B 1 = 0.0684043 μm 2 , B 2 = 0.1162414 μm 2 , and B 3 = 9.896161 μm 2 [32]. This Equation (6) is valid in the spectral range from 0.21 to 3.7 μm, with λ in μm, and n 4 = n 2 . With the previous formalism, we have calculated the reflectance and transmittance spectra of a cuvette containing water (see Figure 6(a)). In particular, the transmittance spectrum will be considered as the reference one (T rf = T) to recalculate the transmittance spectra of the samples containing chlorophyll pigmented grains: T s = T rf T rl . Figure 6(b) displays the optical thickness of the 1.0 cm thick layer of water contained in the cuvette, whose values are between 1.8 × 10 -4 and 2.6 × 10 -2 for the spectral range considered. The weak absorption bands indicated by arrows are due to absorption by some of the overtones associated with infrared vibrational transitions of the hydrogen atoms [33].

Numerical Inversion of the Transmittance Spectra: Scattering and Absorption Coefficients
Simulated annealing (SA) methods are based on making random changes of the unknown parameter values involved in the model used to build a merit function. This merit function is to be minimized by the SA procedure and its value is analogous to energy in the context of SA methods. Variations giving decreased values of the merit function in comparison to its previous value are accepted, and those giving increased values can be either accepted or rejected; the choice is made through the application of the Metropolis algorithm [34,35].
The thickness of the fused quartz walls is about 0.125 cm, and the pathlength of the collimated radiation through the pigmented solution is b = 1.0 cm. Through the visible wavelength range, the light absorption by the quartz walls is negligible and that of the aqueous solution is small. The effective transmittance of the whole system is given by [26].
Where rij is the reflection coefficient at the interface between media i and j, the optical depth of the medium contained in the cuvette is τ 3 = (μ sca + μ abs + α w ) b where α w is the absorption coefficient of water. R ij is an effective reflection coefficient at the same interface (relative intensity of the light propagating in the backward direction at the interface between media i and j, i.e. the interface i/j), accounting for the multiple reflections involving the interfaces j and j + 1. It is given by [26].
with i=j-1, k=j+1, and τ j being the optical depth of the j th medium (with τ 2 = τ 4 = 0 for the optically homogenous and non-absorbing fused quartz). R ij contains the effect of all layers and interfaces to the right of and including the interface i/j. Based on the Fresnel formalism in terms of intensities, the reflection coefficients are given as the squared modulus of the corresponding reflection amplitudes [27]: where n i and k i are the refractive index and extinction coefficient of the i th medium. For the media 2 and 4, k 2 = k 4 = 0. For a similar system with no pigmented particles in the aqueous solution, the transmittance is given by where the reflection coefficients ij r and the effective reflection coefficients ij R (with i or j equal to 3) would be evaluated using the refractive index of the non-pigmented solution In the numerator of this previous expression, r 32 R 34 is of the order of 5 × 10 -5 , which is at least one order of magnitudes lower than the uncertainty in the transmittance mea-with H = 1/[N-(N p +1)], N = 301, and N p = 2 is the number of parameters being optimized per wavelength. At each spectral point, the values of μ sca and μ abs are optimized according to the scheme of the SA approach. T cal (λ i ) values are given by Equation (1), and corresponding experimental values are those obtained from the product, at each spectral point, of the spectra displayed in (Figure 2) with the fused quartz transmittance spectra shown in (Figure 6).
The APCSA optimization requires a first evaluation of the initially unknown parameters (μ sca and μ abs ). We will obtain them from the corresponding volume cross sections (C sca /V and C abs /V) evaluated by the Lorenz-Mie (LM) theory [40], by assuming the independent scattering and equal volume approximations. For the quasi-cylindrical shape of the grana [18] (with diameter d~300 nm and height h~400 nm), the diameter of the equivalent spherical particles is D = (3d 2 h/2) 1/3 = 380 nm (see Figure 1(a)). As aforementioned, the height of the grana is between 200 and 600 nm, which means that the equivalent diameter would be between D 1 = 300 nm and D 2 = 433 nm. We assume a log-normal size distribution around D, with a dimensionless standard deviation Ʃ o = 0.15 which gives diameters between D min = D·exp(-Ʃ o ) = 327 nm and D max = D·exp(Ʃ o ) = 441 nm. The LM evaluations require the refractive indices of the particles and of the matrix surrounding them. For the predominantly aqueous embedding matrix, we assume the refractive index of water. For that of the chlorophyll pigmented grains, we will use the model devised by Duniec and Thorne [41]. They obtain the complex refractive index of the assumed spherical particles, m s = n s +ik s from the corresponding dielectric function ε s (m s = ε s ½ ), where ε s is an average obtained by weighting the dielectric functions of the chlorophyll a pigments and of the proteinaceous medium where they are embedded, ε c and ε p respectively. Namely, ε s = f p · ε p + (1-fp)· The acceptance of variations giving positive changes to the merit function, allows these optimization schemes to get out of the neighborhood of local minima of the merit function, and to move towards solutions in the vicinity of the global minimum. As the global minimum is approached, the effective temperature of the system decreases according to the specific scheme that characterizes the SA method being used. Temperature in the context of the present SA method is a measure of the dispersion of the accepted merit function (energy) values corresponding to random variations of the parameters being optimized. These considerations, together with the large initial value of the merit function (which corresponds to a large energy value of the system due to an initial annealing) has led to the use of the word annealing to be associated with this type of optimization methods.
A spectral version of an accepted-probability-controlled simulated annealing (APCSA) method is used to invert the recalculated transmittance spectra [25,[36][37][38]. A pseudocode of our improved non-spectral APCSA method has been given in [39]. A P-vector of Np components is defined to make random variations on its components, as mentioned before. The spectral version of the APCSA approach requires of a N P × N P-matrix instead of a P-vector, where N is the number of spectral points being considered. The Appendix B contains a pseudocode of the spectral APCSA method we are using. The aim is to obtain the spectral variation of those scattering and absorption coefficients per unit length (μ sca and μ abs ) that minimize the difference between measured and calculated transmittance spectra. The merit function is given by  is null which means that in terms of the scattering efficiency of the pigmented grains, they are almost invisible for the incoming radiation. From the refractive index of water, the complex refractive index of the pigmented particles, and the size distribution mentioned above, the average-sized volume cross sections of the particles in water have been calculated. (Figure 8) depicts the results. As expected, near the spectral positions where the refractive indices of water and pigments are equal, the volume scattering cross section shows minima, the most significant being that in which absorption of pigments is minimum between the absorption peaks. At long wavelengths, the order of magnitude of C ext /V = (C sca +C abs )/V is about 10 µm -1 , at 660 nm its value is close to 11.0 µm -1 . That of the extinction coefficient displayed in Figure 3 for the sample with the largest pigment concentration is 3.85 cm -1 . This means that the nominal F-value can be estimated as F 3.5 × 10 -5 . We will use this F-value to evaluate the first approximation (within the independent scattering approximation) of µ sca and µ abs required by the APCSA method, i.e. the two components of the matrix of parameters to be optimized: P o (1,i) = µ sca (λ i ) and P o (2,i) = µ abs (λ i ) with i = 1,2,…,N (see the pseudocode of the APCSA method in [39] and that of Appendix B). We follow a similar optimization process to that applied to obtain the average volume scattering and absorption cross sections of submicron sized anatase (TiO 2 ) particles immersed in a matrix of water containing a dissolved polymer, between two glass slides [25]. The random variations are initially restricted between 2P o /3 and 3P o /2, with mobile boundaries throughout the whole optimization process. The APCSA average volume scattering and absorption coefficients were obtained from averaging 33 runs carried out with different se-ε c . The values f p = 0.65 and p = 2.4 are used [41], and the chlorophyll a dielectric function is modeled by a Lorentz model [42] with two resonance absorption bands spectrally located at λ 1 = 440 nm (E 1 = 2.82 eV) and 2 = 669 nm (E 2 = 1.85 eV): with ε o = 1.6, C 1 = C 2 = 0.3, and γ 1 = γ 2 = 0.10 eV. Both the E i and γ i parameters have been approached from spectrophotometric measurements. The relations C 1 = C 2 and γ 1 = γ 2 have been estimated from the height and width of the absorption peaks displayed in absorbance measurements. The value of high frequency dielectric constant ε o , was obtained to fit a value of 2.2 of the dielectric function at microwave frequencies where E/Ei << 1, i.e. ε o +C 1 +C 2 = 2.2. (Figure 7) shows the optical constants of a chlorophyll a pigmented grain evaluated from Equation (8)     APCSA solution for the sample with the highest concentration, f = F, the absorption peak at short wavelengths displays a redshift respect to the previous solutions, from 436 to 450 nm. This fact can be attributed to interparticle interactions between neighboring chlorophyll a pigmented grains.
Due to electromagnetic screening, the absorption decreases from what is expected under the independent scattering condition, i.e. the absorption peak should be close to 4 cm -1 instead of about 3 cm -1 . On the other hand, the scattering efficiency of the chlorophyll a pigmented grains increases. This variation from the independent extinction regime, at the lower volume fractions considered and through long waves, to dependent extinction at the largest volume fractions and through short wavelengths is displayed in (Figure 12 and Figure 13). The absorption peak at 662 nm shows a linear dependence with the volume fraction occupied by the pigmented grains, while that at 436 nm displays some deviation from the linear behavior. The scattering peak at long wavelength (664 nm) also shows a linear relationship with the concentration of the scattering units. Regarding the standard deviations corresponding to µ sca and µ abs for the four samples (σ sca and σ abs , respectively), the Appendix A displays their spectral behavior.

Summary and Conclusions
The spectral variation of the scattering and absorption coefficients per unit length of chlorophyll pigmented grains in an aqueous solution have been obtained, from inversion of transmittance spectra measured for visible wavelengths, when the samples were normally illuminated with non-polarized light. These spectra are correlated with the incidence of collimated radiation and the transmission of collimated light ed to µ abs and µ ext the small absorption by the water, with α w = (1-f)4πk w /λ, where f = F/8, and k w is the extinction coefficient of water (see (Figure 6b) where α w is proportional to τ w ). The fitting of the transmittance spectrum, using the average values of µ sca and µ abs obtained from the set of APCSA solutions, is very satisfactory. The spectral variation of the extinction coefficient per unit length approaches very well that initially obtained from the relative transmittance spectrum (see line a in (Figure 3). The absorption coefficient spectrum contains the characteristic four peaks of chlorophyll a pigments (the largest ones at 436 and 663 nm, and the lowest peaks at 581 and 615 nm).
For wavelengths larger than 436 nm, rather similar values of µ abs and µ sca are displayed. For short wavelengths, at the spectral left side of the highest absorption peak, the extinction by scattering is significantly larger than that by absorption. This finding opens the possibility that some of the results of light absorption by chlorophyll a pigments could have been overestimated, assigning as absorption a fraction really corresponding to scattering due to the presence of submicron-sized thylakoidal structures (see for example Figure 1 in [43]). The shoulder observed at 450 nm of wavelength can be attributed to a spectral point where the refractive index of water is equal to the refractive index of the chlorophyll a pigmented grains. In terms of scattering, in the middle of the visible (at 550 nm) the particles are invisible for the propagating radiation. The solutions for the next higher concentrations, with f = F/4, f = F/2, and f = F also show extinction coefficients which agree very well with those obtained from the direct inversion method (see (Figure 10) and curve b in (Figure 3), and ( Figure 11) and curve c in (Figure 3), respectively). For the  tions of scattering and absorption to the extinction. This task was carried out by means of a simulated annealing method. The absorption coefficient obtained from the optimization process displays its characteristic absorption peaks correlat-ed with the presence of chlorophyll a pigmented grains in the whose intensity is attenuated by scattering and absorption due to the presence of chlorophyll pigmented particles. A first direct inversion allows to obtain the attenuation or extinction coefficients for each one of the four samples considered. A second numerical inversion allows to decouple the contribu-samples. The four samples show independent light scattering through long wavelengths. This is consistent with the variation of the heights of the absorption peaks at the red side of the visible spectrum (at 662 nm). At short wavelengths, the independent scattering regime holds only for those three samples with the lower pigment concentrations, according with the behavior of the absorption peak at 436 nm. The sample with the highest concentration of pigmented grains shows less absorption than that expected under the condition of independent scattering, together with the largest values of the scattering efficiency by the pigmented particles. The inversion formalism reported here has proven to be versatile enough to consider encapsulated samples of biological origin. This approach, which was successfully used in the inversion of reflectance and transmittance spectra through particles of anatase titanium dioxide immersed in an aqueous-polymeric matrix and contained between two glass slides [25], allows to obtain the scattering and absorption coefficients of media containing components of synthetic or biological origin, from light transmittance measurements through quartz cuvettes containing this kind of active media, an experimental setup commonly used in biological, chemical, and microbiological studies as well as in multiple interdisciplinary fields connected with the area of health sciences.