High Wall Shear Stress: Summary of hemodynamic pattern, growth rate, and vascular wall changes.

Table 1: High Wall Shear Stress: Summary of hemodynamic pattern, growth rate, and vascular wall changes.

References	Wall shear stress	Pattern of growth vessel wall changes
Steiger [56]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Fragmentation of Internal Elastic Lamina
Stehbens [48]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Loss of normal phenotype of formation endothelial cells and endothelial damage
Meng [59]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Internal elastic lamina disruption Medial smooth muscle cells are lost Reduced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation Decrease in fibronectin
Fukada [61,114]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Fragmentation of endothelial cell plasma membrane Endothelial cell vacuolization Endothelial cell damage with/without nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuolization
Jamous [115]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Fragmentation of endothelial cell plasma membrane Endothelial cell vacuolization Endothelial cell damage with/without nuclear and cytoplasmic vacuolization
Wang [116]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Endothelial Cell Loss
Kolega J [80]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Endothelial Cell Damage Endothelial Cell turnover MMP production by mural cells Mural Cell Apoptosis
Dolan JM [117]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Endothelial Cell Turnover
Meng H [59]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	ECM degradation Medial Thinning
Hoi [118]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	MMP production by ECs
Fukada & Aoki [114]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	NF-κB & COX-2 increased
Pawlowska [119]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	IL-1β increased
Taylor, et al., [120]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Migration of SMC from media to intima; change of SMC phenotype from contractile to secretory, w/ MMP production by SMC
Shi & Tarbell [121]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	PDGF & FGF-2 released from SMCs
Papadaki [122]	High WSS	Initiation of CA Formation	Increased tPA production