Table 2: Preoperative and intraoperative variables according to the type of the surgery and presence of epidural.

 

Laparoscopy/Robot (LR)

Laparotomy (LT)

   
 

No intraoperative EA (n = 82)

Intraoperative EA (n = 10)

No intraoperative EA (n = 11)

Intraoperative EA (n = 48)

p-value

 

Male gender (%)

49 (60)

5 (50)

4 (36)

24 (50)

0.417

 

Age (mean (SD))

63 (12)

58 (14)

61 (12)

60 (11)

0.361

 

Surgery duration (mean (SD))

351 (105)

282 (104)

255 (91)

299 (123)

0.006

 

Presence of preoperative pain (%)

7 (9)

3 (30)

1 (9)

4 (8)

0.185

 

Continuous Lidocaine use (%)

61 (74.4)

-

7 (63.6)

-

0.694

 

Continuous ketamine use (%)

76 (93)

7 (70)

9 (82)

47 (98)

0.015

 

Mean Remifentanil dosage mcg/min (mean (SD))

4.8 (1.5)

3.7 (2.4)

4.1 (2.2)

3.1 (1.9)

< 0.001

 

Intraoperative paracetamol (%)

81 (98.8)

10 (100.0)

10 (90.9)

48 (100.0)

0.119

 

Intraoperative nefopam (%)

72 (87.8)

9 (90.0)

9 (81.8)

43 (89.6)

0.907

 

Intraoperative Ketoprofene (%)

42 (51.2)

4 (40.0)

4 (36.4)

11 (22.9)

0.017

 

Intraoperative Tramadol (%)

64 (78.0)

9 (90.0)

7 (63.6)

42 (87.5)

0.219

 

Subjective pain score (SPS) upon arrival to recovery room (%)

 0

 1

 2

 3

 4

 

 

53 (64.6)

13 (15.9)

11 (13.4)

4 (4.9)

1 (1.2)

 

 

7 (70.0)

2 (20.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (10.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 

5 (45.5)

3 (27.3)

3 (27.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

 

32 (66.7)

10 (20.8)

4 (8.3)

2 (4.2)

0 (0.0)

0.811

 
 
 
 
 
 

EA: Epidural Analgesia; SD: Standard Deviation; SPS: Subjective Pain Score (from 0 to 4).