Table 2: Preoperative and intraoperative variables according to the type of the surgery and presence of epidural.
Laparoscopy/Robot (LR) |
Laparotomy (LT) |
|||||
No intraoperative EA (n = 82) |
Intraoperative EA (n = 10) |
No intraoperative EA (n = 11) |
Intraoperative EA (n = 48) |
p-value |
||
Male gender (%) |
49 (60) |
5 (50) |
4 (36) |
24 (50) |
0.417 |
|
Age (mean (SD)) |
63 (12) |
58 (14) |
61 (12) |
60 (11) |
0.361 |
|
Surgery duration (mean (SD)) |
351 (105) |
282 (104) |
255 (91) |
299 (123) |
0.006 |
|
Presence of preoperative pain (%) |
7 (9) |
3 (30) |
1 (9) |
4 (8) |
0.185 |
|
Continuous Lidocaine use (%) |
61 (74.4) |
- |
7 (63.6) |
- |
0.694 |
|
Continuous ketamine use (%) |
76 (93) |
7 (70) |
9 (82) |
47 (98) |
0.015 |
|
Mean Remifentanil dosage mcg/min (mean (SD)) |
4.8 (1.5) |
3.7 (2.4) |
4.1 (2.2) |
3.1 (1.9) |
< 0.001 |
|
Intraoperative paracetamol (%) |
81 (98.8) |
10 (100.0) |
10 (90.9) |
48 (100.0) |
0.119 |
|
Intraoperative nefopam (%) |
72 (87.8) |
9 (90.0) |
9 (81.8) |
43 (89.6) |
0.907 |
|
Intraoperative Ketoprofene (%) |
42 (51.2) |
4 (40.0) |
4 (36.4) |
11 (22.9) |
0.017 |
|
Intraoperative Tramadol (%) |
64 (78.0) |
9 (90.0) |
7 (63.6) |
42 (87.5) |
0.219 |
|
Subjective pain score (SPS) upon arrival to recovery room (%) 0 1 2 3 4 |
53 (64.6) 13 (15.9) 11 (13.4) 4 (4.9) 1 (1.2) |
7 (70.0) 2 (20.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0) |
5 (45.5) 3 (27.3) 3 (27.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) |
32 (66.7) 10 (20.8) 4 (8.3) 2 (4.2) 0 (0.0) |
0.811 |
|
EA: Epidural Analgesia; SD: Standard Deviation; SPS: Subjective Pain Score (from 0 to 4).