Table 1: Descriptive characteristics of participants at baseline.

Hand massage group Conversational group
M DS M DS p
Age 78.54 1.91 77.45 2.38 0.25
Education 4.82 0.4 4.78 0.38 0.98
MMSE 23.15 0.89 23.09 0.94 0.963

Note: MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination.